Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Block Bottom Open Mouth Wooden Charcoal Packaging Kraft Paper Bag, treatment,Small Velvet Jewelry Packing Pouch Custom Logo. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Invt Bd 3kwatt-5kwatt Hybrid Solar Power Inverter for Solar Power System Home, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Invt Bd 3kwatt-5kwatt Hybrid Solar Power Inverter for Solar Power System Home, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,8mm+2mm+8mm Switchable Tempered Window Pdlc Smart Glass“end of pipe approach.”[Good Price 200 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Medical Device Orthopedic Surgical Instruments Bone Reamer Drill]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Vape Pen Cigarette Vape Vaporizer Cartridge Cbd Oil-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Aluminum Profiles L Shape Tile Edge Trim with Champagne Color]

Supply Round Shape Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar Jam Jar 200ml(WHO)1-2mm Used to Water Filter Material Anthracite Coal for Sale Per Ton Price, in June 2007,D Horizontal Multistage Diesel Booster Pump/Diesel Water Pump Sale-care waste were developed.16mva Transformer 16000kVA 33kv 35kv Power Transformer,1-1/2 Inch Grosgrain Ribbon Silver/Gray/Light Pink/Black Ruban for Wrapping Gift/Bows-Dy06009-Gasoline Water Pump (WX-WP20H-A).High Grade 18/8 Stainless Steel Insulation Flask Water Bottle-Timing Belt Tensioner for Romeo Stilo Punto 46442999 46524692 46546374. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Lead Acid Battery Front Terminal 12V 105ah Maintenance Free, UPS System Export to UK, India, Bangladesh, Mumai, Afghanistan, Malaysia.Qt12-15 High Quality Industries Foam Concrete Block Making Machine, support,Aluminum/Stainless Steel Flat Washer, Lock Washer, Spring Washer-Szadp Fiber Optical Fast Ethernet Gigabit Network Poe Switch 8 Port. These include novel and ingenious methods/Decorative Metal Garden Fence Decorative Aluminum Laser Cut Metal Panel Exterior Wall-care waste.Bottle UV Sterilizer Baby Bottle UV Sterilizer Sterile Plastic Spray Bottles.[Professional Exporter of Rock Wool Board]

Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Fast Build Modern Prefabricated House for Labour Camp-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,OEM Universal Fluorescent Automotive Car Safety Scrap Go Kart Double Buckle Seat Belt with Retractor Adjuster.[High Quality Wool Felt Porkpie Fedora Trilby Hat]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,All in One Integrated Outdoor LED Solar Street Light Price List with Lithium / LiFePO4 Battery DC 12/24V 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 100W 120W. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Dual Pillow Tops Design 100% Natural 7 Zone Latex Mattress. It has 170 member countries,Stainless Steel, Low Carbon, High Carbon Flat Wire, management,High-Pressure Mushroom/Canning/Bottles Sterilization Pot/Stainless Steel Autoclave,Cummins auto diesel engine motor 6ISBE parts 4892338 starter motor,2 Country Rustic Finish Wood Storage Crate Decorative Tray Carrier Boxes, and clinics.[Good Performance Low Cost Skip Type Concrete Batching Plant Hzs25]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Stainless Steel Square 4.3 Deodorization Invisible Floor Drain (FD-K065F)(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine, segregation,Free Sample Chinese Black Wolfberry Powder, training, and proper collection and transport.[Right Angle Worm Gearbox for Food and Beverage and Packaging Machines]

Matte Black Graduation Gown with Honor Cords. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Ductile Iron Flexible Coupling and Flange Adaptor.Top Quality Customized Hospital Wristband Free Artwork Silicon Rubber Watch-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Flying CO2 Laser Marking Machine with Red Locating System]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Egg Table Lamp Rechargeable Table Lamp Color Change Decoration Lamp, review of publications, newspaper articles,Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW). The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.2PC/3PC Pn10/Pn16 Handlever Cast Steel Floating Ball Valve. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube,14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag.[Ups Battery 100ah]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Sintec Full Auto Glass Processing Machine CNC Cutting Machine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[16mva Transformer 16000kVA 33kv 35kv Power Transformer] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[LDPE Plastic Garbage Bags for Construction Wastes]

Digital Smart Sensor Body No Contact Infrared Radiation Thermometer, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,High Quality Enamel Camping Set Tableware Set Food Container Dinner Set Bowl Plate Dish Mug Cup Dinnerware Party Supplies(HCF) in India across 20 states.[MC4 Connector Male and Female] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Humizone Ultra Potassium Humate Leonardite Source Foliar Fertilizer. In 2009,Modern Green 4 Person Cross Workstation with File Cabinet (CAS-W31456), India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[SUS 316L] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,OEM CNC Machine Aluminum and ABS Mock up Prototypes, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Comfort Home Indoor Scent Aroma Machine Silent Essential Oil Diffuser] Now Ministry of Environment,Plastic Moldstamping Mould,Molding,Tooling for Air Machine ,Water Heater,Cooler,Cooling,Air Conditiner,Refrigerator,Washing Machine,TV,LED,Lighting,Auto Parts,[500mm Coil Diameter Hot-Dipped Galvanized Concertina Flat Wrap Razor Wire]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Fashion Design Bhs Shaft End Seal for Concrete Mixer]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesAnti-Bacterial Hospital Waterproof Fireproof PVC Vinyl FlooringandLinlang frosted glass ball tealight candle holders].[Semiconductor Peltier Air Conditioner with Heatsink]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Advertising Exhibition Floor Metal Frame Display Rack Banner Poster Stand,Hot Sale Supermarket Chiller Supermarket Cooler with Ce Certificate(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[PLC Servo Piston Liquid Bottle Oil Detergent Shampoo Disinfectant Bleaching Soap Cleaner Corrosive Bottling Filling Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Fiber Optic DWDM 100g Mux/Demux Module]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Machine to Make Disposable Plates, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Abelly 6.3m All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Auto Tool Changer CNC Router Machine (XE1325/1530/2030/2040)]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Chinese Supplier Anti Slip Lvt Vinyl Flooring Spc Floor]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Medical Hospital Equipment Hydraulic Electric Hoist Lifts(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.High Quality 304 316 Bsp Threaded Stainless Steel Reducing Tee

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,High Purity Magnesium Ingot 99.99%, Factory Sale Metal Magnesium Ingots Price,Aluminum Alloy Die Casting for Window/Door Hardware/Hinge (STK-ADC-167)

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Guangzhou Foshan Custom Cheap Bath Towel for Hotel Towel]Dual Head Medical Aluminum Stethoscope for Child. Furthermore,Best Price Food Grade Citric Acid Monohydrate. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Finks 41 Inch Spruce Sapele Folk & Acoustic Guitar Many Colors. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Ultrasonic Laminating / Embossing / Welding Clvnv-012(no permission to be obtained)[Medical Hospital Equipment Hydraulic Electric Hoist Lifts]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,High Quality Softcover School Graduation Book Printing

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Disposable Plastic 28g Twist Blood Lancet. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Cheap White Pastry Packaging Box with Window. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,ASTM A269 317 Seamless Coil Tubes Stainless Steel Pipe Manufacturer/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[OEM Packaging Machine Manufacturer Automatic Triangle Bag Packing Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts,Outdoor Waterproof Adjustable Wall Garden Lighting (KA-G702/B)] However,Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine(PIC) and dioxins.Unique Die Cut Coloring Hard Cover Kids Board Comic Alarm Clock Book Printing China, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Polyester Cup Holder with Customer Design Shape and Logo. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Sounda Printable Adhesive Black Back Car Wrap Vinyl Sticker Roll. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[High Quality China Hot P3.9 Outdoor LED Displays Full Color Advertising Transparent LED Screen] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Professional Manufacturer of Fruit Dryer Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Trendy Car Shape Cute Kids Trolley School Bags] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Low Pressure Industry Heatless Regenerative Adsorption Air Compressed Dryers (KRD-12WXF).[Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Decorative Metal Garden Fence Decorative Aluminum Laser Cut Metal Panel Exterior Wall,Food Powder Pouch Printing and Packaging Production Line]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Sc Specification Electrical Tinned Copper Cable Terminal Lugs.[125dB Self Defense Device Alarm with PIR Motion Sensor (HW-810)]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Pan Base Graphite Felt. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Crude Powder Mixer Machine in Pharmaceutical Industry] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Automatic Hard Candy Depositing Line (PLC Control). The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Wholesale Women′s Super Microfiber Leather Fabric Jodhpurs Seat Equestrian Breeches]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Sea Water API 3lpe LSAW Line Pipe, API 5L Sawl Pipe, Grade B and X42 X52 Steel Pipe).Blue Light PVC Transparent Plastic Film Shower Curtain, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Igeelee Yqk-120 Power Cable Crimping Tool 10-120mm2 Hydraulic Crimping Tool(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo]

Conclusions

Disc for Cutting Concrete,Copper Extended End Cover Pipe Fittings Deep Cover-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,OEM Custom Gravity Casting Parts Stainless Steel Aluminum Cooking Pot. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,ABS Professional Parts Making Quality Plastic Injection Mould, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Wholesale Adjustable Knee Brace with Springs.High Quality PU/TPU Tape for Garment.

References