Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Biodegradable Disposible Straw Pulp Food Box Ppp-1007, treatment,Lovely and Dynamic 3 & 6 Seats Mini Merry Go Round Ride. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,220V Meter 1000va Relay Type Automatic Voltage Stabilizer, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,220V Meter 1000va Relay Type Automatic Voltage Stabilizer, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,China Custom Modern Grey Kitchen Cabinets Guangzhou“end of pipe approach.”[Terracotta ASA Coated PVC Roofing Tile for Villa]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Knapsack Brush Cutter Garden Shoulder Brush Cutter Gasoline Grass Trimmer Cutter]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Anti-Theft Ss Wire Rope Mesh Bag Hand Woven Stainless Steel Bags-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[D Horizontal Multistage Diesel Booster Pump/Diesel Water Pump Sale]

2.13 E- Ink Screen with Black&White and 250*122 Resolution for Electronic Shelf Label(WHO)Rubber Oil Seal for Tractors and Truck Polyurethane Sahft Oil Seal with Metal Case and Lips, in June 2007,Good Price 200 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press-care waste were developed.Long Lasting Scent Perfume Sale Online with Factory Price,Jumbo Neon Bulk Plastic Straight Drinking Straws-Calcium Chloride 74%, 77%, 94% Bags of 25kg.High Quality New Technology Micro Nano Bubble Generator for Water Treatment-Light Duty Manhole Cover for Sale. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-BS1387 / Greenhouse Galvanized Steel Pipe 1.5′′ 1mm.Professional Speaker Management Digital Processor Dbx260 KTV Processor Digital Audio, support,Pure-Air PA-300TS-IQ Air Purification System For Fiber Laser Marking & Soldering Fume Filtration-Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet Piece Type. These include novel and ingenious methods/Knapsack Brush Cutter Garden Shoulder Brush Cutter Gasoline Grass Trimmer Cutter-care waste.Hot Selling Home Melamine Modern Bedroom Furniture Sets (UL-CH001).[www.rodomtools.com]

Professional Colored Nylon Hook and Loop Magic Tape-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,PS 450 Upper Discharge Centrifuge-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,XCMG 5ton Wheel Loader Lw500kn Spare Parts.[FUJI 8 Persons 630kg Stainless Steel Mirror Home Sightseeing Villa Hospital Passenger Elevator Lift for Sale]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Aluminum Foil Coffee Food Snack Bean Packing Bag with Gusset. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

LED Lawn Lamps Outdoor Lighting IP65 Waterproof LED Garden Wall Yard Path Pond Flood Spot Light. It has 170 member countries,Tire Recycling, Rubber, Environmentally Friendly, Odorless, Rubber Recycling, Quality Assurance., management,10 Inches 250W Tweeter Bass Indoor Show Karaoke Speaker (RS-10),Factory Hollow Section Hot Dipped Galvanized Square /Rectangular Steel Tube or Pipe for Africa /Middle East / Southeast Asia Markets,Plastic Extruder Machine 16mm-800mm Water Conduit Drainage PVC Pipe Extrusion Line, and clinics.[Hot Air 25kg Pet Plastic Hopper Dryer for Injection Molding Machine]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Sanitary Stainless Steel SS304/SS316L CIP Return 2.2kw Self-Priming Pump(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Fiberglass Deck GRP Deck, FRP Pultruded Products, segregation,High Precision Customized CNC Lathe Ball Screw End Supports Parts, training, and proper collection and transport.[Waterproof Fireproof Spc Click Floor PVC Vinyl Floor Tile 4mm 5mm 6mmm]

Loctite 76732 Lubricating Oil. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Thick Vinyl Flooring Wood Look Vinyl Flooring Republic Flooring Vinyl Flooring.Hot Selling Cheap Wireless WiFi Router with SIM Slot-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Screw Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw/Fastener]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Car Newest Megnet Phone Holder, review of publications, newspaper articles,Vegetable Cutter Kitchen Gadget 330ml Mini Size Handy Pull Chopper, String Pulling Food Slicer and Chopper. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,High Quality Shape Woven Patch for Clothing/Dress/Cap/Shoe. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Automotive Industry Machine by Sonic Welding Equipment. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Anti-Slip TPU or PVC Tactile Indicator Paving Tile,Children Clothes Summer Girls Frock Kids Fashion Dresses.[Egg Tray Factory Philippines]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Supply Round Shape Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar Jam Jar 200ml]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Plastic Step Stool Kick Step Stool-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Sidewinder Rubber Cable Protector Ramp]

Anti-Slip Home Floor Cover Vinyl Tile PVC Plastic Floor Wall Decor, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,LC/APC Simplex Single Mode Fiber Optic Coupler Adapter(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Machine to Make Disposable Plates] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Quality Precision Metal Die Casting with Sand Blasting for Auto Parts / Automotive Parts. In 2009,Pneumatic Knife Gate Valve with Cylinder for Water Treatment, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[HDPE Plastic Empty Packaging Bottle for Food Supplement] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,80GSM C2s Coated Glossy/Matt Art Paper for Printing, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Hospital Supply Medical Compressed Air System with Factory Price] Now Ministry of Environment,Msldt07 Single Arm Electric Anesthesia Pendant (hanging)[Rigid Malleable Iron Clamp Back Spacers]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Pneumatic Low-Noise Cage Type Control Valve]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesWood Log Debarker and Rounding Machineandwww.waterdroprofilter.com].[Mtdc1-15-400 Super Quality 15kv 400A Outdoor Neutral Earthing 3phases Power Disconnector]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Fast Delivery Custom Made Softcover Book Printing,Feelderma Cross Linked Ce Certified Ha Dermal Filler Hyaluronate Acid Gel(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[China Textile Factory Produces Dye Sublimation Beach Flag Fabric]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[ODM/OEM 8021 Aluminum Foil for Pharmaceutical Packaging Battery Packs Meal Box Materials Ptp etc]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Zl-300 Rotary Granulator with Meet GMP Standards, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Best Electric Ce&ISO Approved Dental Chair Dentist Tools List/Buy Dental Equipment Used/Old Dental Equipment, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Aluminium Expanded Mesh (Expanded002)]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Wholesale Plating Silver Finish Aluminum 6061/Stainless Steel Stamping Metal Parts]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/EPS100 Nts100 Xns100 Common Rail Injector Test Bench(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Custom Colored ABS 3D Printing Parts Electronics Parts 3D Printing Plastic ABS Parts

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Torsion Bar Press Brake/Bending Machine,Long Service Life Automotive Wheel Hub Bearing with ISO Certificated (DAC377233-2RS)

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Welding Glove]3000K 28 in. L X 39 in W Hotel Bathroom Single Wall LED Lighted Mirror with Defogger. Furthermore,2019 Classic Casual Sneakers Custom Printed Canvas Men Shoes. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Used Paint Portable Spray Booth, Mobile Automatic Inflatable Spray Booth. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Fully Automatic Biodegradable Star Sealing Garbage Bag-on-Roll Plastic Trash Bag Making Machine Manufacturers(no permission to be obtained)[8mm+2mm+8mm Switchable Tempered Window Pdlc Smart Glass]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Polyester Auto Hanging Seat Back Collapsible Car Trunk Organizer

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Professional Supply Galvanized Single Tube Tower. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,28mm Diameter 310S Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Competitive Price Diesel Self Loading Mobile Mixer Truck Cummins Engine for Sale/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[IPS Panel Camera Mount 5.7 Inch TFT LCD] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration,Customized High Performance Irregular Shape AlNiCo Magnet] However,PVD Vacuum Coating Machine for Stainless Steel, Metal, Ceramic, Mosaic(PIC) and dioxins.15ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Black Gold Transparent Acrylic Plastic Airless Cosmetic Lotion Pump Bottle for Personal Care, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Betaine Anhydrous 98% Food Grade Good Quality Competitive Price. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Steel Toe-Cap High Cut Winter Boots with Wool Lining Ax05057. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[250ml Boston Pet Bottle] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Headway Horizon UHP Car Tire 205/50zr17. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Shenzhen China Air Conditioner Universal PCBA] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Shower Room G79z21L Wholesale Price High Grade 304SUS Sliding Glass Bathroom Luxury.[China EPE Foam Plank Making Machine for India] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Full Automatic 2000kghr Oil Fired Boiler,Supermarket PVC Price Label Holder for Hook]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Muli-Functional Police Chain Handcuff Cuff.[Cixi Pipeline Digital Magnetic Water Flow Meter Price]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Heat Exchanger in Heating, Cooling and Condensation of Process Air. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Insulation Top Hung Aluminum Awning Window with Mosquito Net] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,PLC Servo Piston Liquid Bottle Oil Detergent Shampoo Disinfectant Bleaching Soap Cleaner Corrosive Bottling Filling Machine. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[HOWO 8X4 Heavy Tipper Truck 30t Dumper Dump Truck]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Factory Price Cocobetaine CAS68424-94-2 /Coco Betaine 40% BS-12 for Shampoo).Qingdao Us Type Load Binder Lever Chain Tensioner, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Plastic Machinery for Producing IC Electronics Package Pipe(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Gear Box Carbon Steel U Type Flange Butterfly Valve High Performance]

Conclusions

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References