Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)CNC Machinery Industrial Parts and Tools Fitness Equipment Accessories Medical Tube Plastic Extrusion Machinery Industrial Part, treatment,Hot Fashion Colored Crystal Glass Ornaments Bulk Glass Tealight Candle Holder Centerpiece. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Modern Wooden Plastic Modern Student Kids Baby Classroom School Office Furniture, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Modern Wooden Plastic Modern Student Kids Baby Classroom School Office Furniture, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,1000VDC 30A T Branch Mc4 Solar DC Connector for PV Photovoltaic System (4 TO 1)“end of pipe approach.”[Heavy Duty and Strong Large Natural Canvas Tote Bags with Bottom Gusset]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Plastic Pet Preform Injection Molding Machine Price]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Hypoallergenic 100% Polyester Microfiber Duvet-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[China Manufacturer Hot Sale PVC Urine Bag 200+2000ml]

China Flat Knitting Machine Manufacturer(WHO)Industrial Filter Bag for Dust Collector, in June 2007,Rigid Malleable Iron Clamp Back Spacers-care waste were developed.Transparent Clear Acrylic OPP Carton Packing Tape,Back-Sealing Automatic Packaging Machine- Stainless Steel-Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine.High Efficiency Automatic Silicone Lace Coating Machine by PLC Controlling-Flexible DC12V/24V SMD 2835 3528 Blue Christmas Light LED Strip. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-360 Degree Maverick Angler Fishing Kayak with Rotating Seat.Portable Handheld Fan, Mini USB Rechargeable Battery Operated 3 Speeds Cooling Fan, support,4X4 Car Roof Luggage Aluminum Alloy Profile Roof Rack-Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes. These include novel and ingenious methods/Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Lucky Key Necklace for Women-care waste.Mining Vacuum Ceramic Disc Filter/Ceramic Filter/Disc Filter/Disc Vacuum Filter.[teeth beads necklace]

Aluminum CNC Turning Metal Milling Machining Parts-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Adjustable Office Commercial Suspended Pendant LED Aluminum Channel Profile for Ceiling Light-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Custom Embroidered Socks christmas Cute Thermal Funky Cotton Socks.[High Quality Stn Type Monochrome COB Type Touch Screen for Gas Flowmeter]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Good Direct Manufacturer Customer Metal 3D Award Medals. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)LED Highbay Light Warehouse Lighting 100W LED UFO Highbay Light(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.China Manufacture Coaxial Cable Rg Series (RG11, RG6, RG59, RG213, RG214, RG58) Rg214 Coaxial, segregation,Wholesale Scc638 High Efficiency Water-Based Cutting Fluid in Hot Sale, training, and proper collection and transport.[48kw/60kVA Soundproof Power Moveable Diesel Generator Set]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.White HPL 600*600mm Coffee Table, review of publications, newspaper articles,Aluminum Perfume Bottle with Sprayer. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,16mm Colorful PP Playground Combination Rope for Net. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Vertical Weighing Filling Packaging Packing Machine for Food. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Threaded Male Nipple Stainless Steel Air Fittings Plug Pneumatic Quick Connector,Upgraded Neutral Laboratory Salt Spray Salt Fog Corrosion Test Chamber.[Flex Corrugated Carton Printing Slotting Box Making Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[2-288 Core Armoured G652D Aerial Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Calcium Chloride 74%] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Jiayu Jrr Series Heat Regenerated Adsorption Air Dryer-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[75GSM Heat Transfer Sublimation Paper in High Transfer Rate]

Manufacturers Selling High-Quality Food Grade Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous for Food Additives, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,European Market Full HD RJ45 LAN Port DVB-T2 H. 265 TV Receiver(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Kitchen Cookware Dinner Cooking Large Size Stainless Steel Soup Pot] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Auto Shock Absorber Spring for Mazda Automobile Suspension Part. In 2009,Hot Sale 4 Seater Fast Food Dining Room Set, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[2V500ah Solar Battery Bank with The Latest Technology] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,2019 OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Eye Lash Cosmetics Makeup Brush Set Kits, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Stop Valve/Gate Valve for PPR Fittigns] Now Ministry of Environment,Xl Mill Rolls Cast Steel Rolls[PP Reinforced Safety Protection Netting for Construction Building]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Biodegradable PLA Film for Food /Fruit Packaging]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHypoallergenic 100% Polyester Microfiber Duvetand2010 Opel Vectra - 90542063].[Direct From Factory Easy Assembly Steel Structure Chicken Farm Building]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Popular New Products Car Accessories Braking System Truck Spare Parts Semi Metal Brake Pad,Best Selling High Quality Automatic Palletizing Robot Machine Manipulator(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Turn Key Prefabricated Industrial Steel Structure for Workshop]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[14 Inch Silent Core Low Noise Segmented Granite Cutting Diamond Saw Blade]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Custom Design Top Quality Low MOQ Warm Winter Indoor Long Men Socks, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Wine Cocktail Decoration Biodegradable Paper Straw, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[N35 N42 N52 Permanent Disc NdFeB Neodymium Magnet]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Animal Manure Compost Organic Fertilizer Granular Machine with Ce]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Pet Supplies Non-Slip Stainless Steel Dog Drinking Water Food Bowl(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Beauty Salon Anti Aging Omegan LED Light Therapy Machine

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Hot! Steel Hospital Treatment Cart Emergency Trolley for Patient,Factory Price Aluminum/Aluminium Foil in Jumbo Roll for Industry Application

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[App Remote Control Smart Plug Wifi]100W High Quality LED Corn Bulb with ETL Certificate. Furthermore,3D Cartoon High Quality Rubber Keychain Product (SLF-KC006). Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,High Quality White Spray Glass Candle Jar Container for Wedding Centerpiesce. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Hot Selling Wholesale Plywood 10-25mm Good Price Quality(no permission to be obtained)[10 Inches 250W Tweeter Bass Indoor Show Karaoke Speaker (RS-10)]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Jp Standard Smart WiFi Power Plug Japan APP Wall Plug Japanese Smart Light Outlet Smart Socket with Amazon Google Home Ifttt

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Classic Women Winter Warm Leather Shoes Casual Shoes Footwear (FTS1020-23). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Customized Arrow Wooden Timber Acoustic Wall Panels with Cheep Price. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Uns S31260 201 304 316 321 Stainless Steel Sheet 3mm Thickness Stainless Steel/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Stainless Steel Sanitary SMS Pipe Fittings Union (JN-UN2002)] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[UHP 400 Graphite Electrode for Steel Mill a Right Price, haul off] However,New Products Fishing Bags Fishing Tackle Outdoor Bags(PIC) and dioxins.Anti-Bacterial Hospital Waterproof Fireproof PVC Vinyl Flooring, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.China Hot Sale CNC Router 4 Axis CNC Milling Machine. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Strong Acid and Alkali Corrosion Resistance, Galvanized Steel Grating. 404. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Pet Protection Film Membrane Slitting Machine for Tablet Phone Screen] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Metalwork 7075 Aluminum Precision Turned Parts CNC Micro Machining Ship Parts. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Fast Change Cassette Corrugated Carton Paperboard Single Facer Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,High Quality Wear-Resisting Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Filter.[Small Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Ss (750W)] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[High Quality Shape Woven Patch for Clothing/Dress/Cap/Shoe,Serrated Beaing Bar Grating]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.2016 Pth Customized Design Prefab Steel Structure Warehouse.[Auto Repair Socket Tool Set Manufacturers Cheap Price]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.HOWO 8X4 Heavy Tipper Truck 30t Dumper Dump Truck. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Custom 100% Cotton Face Cleaning Refreshing Wet Towel] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Hotel Room Digital Safe with LED Display. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Export Standard Hook Type Shot Blast Cleaning Equipment/Shot Blaster/Shot Blasting Machine Used in Forging and Steel Industry]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Aluminum Profiles L Shape Tile Edge Trim with Champagne Color).4V420-15 Airtac Solenoid Valve, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,ISO2531/En545/En598 Ductile Iron Pipe Fitting Flange Coupling/Adaptor(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Opgw Cable Mentel Joint Box 24 Fibers]

Conclusions

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References