Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)BS1387 / Greenhouse Galvanized Steel Pipe 1.5′′ 1mm, treatment,Professional Speaker Management Digital Processor Dbx260 KTV Processor Digital Audio. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Pure-Air PA-300TS-IQ Air Purification System For Fiber Laser Marking & Soldering Fume Filtration, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Pure-Air PA-300TS-IQ Air Purification System For Fiber Laser Marking & Soldering Fume Filtration, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet Piece Type“end of pipe approach.”[Iron Stainless Steel Coil Nails Screw Shank for Pallet]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Plastic Extruder Machine 16mm-800mm Water Conduit Drainage PVC Pipe Extrusion Line]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Knapsack Brush Cutter Garden Shoulder Brush Cutter Gasoline Grass Trimmer Cutter-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Dimmable White Silver Shell Shouing Ceiling Lamp 15W LED Downlight]

Hot Selling Home Melamine Modern Bedroom Furniture Sets (UL-CH001)(WHO)Professional Colored Nylon Hook and Loop Magic Tape, in June 2007,PS 450 Upper Discharge Centrifuge-care waste were developed.XCMG 5ton Wheel Loader Lw500kn Spare Parts,Aluminum Foil Coffee Food Snack Bean Packing Bag with Gusset-LED Lawn Lamps Outdoor Lighting IP65 Waterproof LED Garden Wall Yard Path Pond Flood Spot Light.Tire Recycling, Rubber, Environmentally Friendly, Odorless, Rubber Recycling, Quality Assurance.-10 Inches 250W Tweeter Bass Indoor Show Karaoke Speaker (RS-10). In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Factory Hollow Section Hot Dipped Galvanized Square /Rectangular Steel Tube or Pipe for Africa /Middle East / Southeast Asia Markets.Plastic Extruder Machine 16mm-800mm Water Conduit Drainage PVC Pipe Extrusion Line, support,Sanitary Stainless Steel SS304/SS316L CIP Return 2.2kw Self-Priming Pump-Fiberglass Deck GRP Deck, FRP Pultruded Products. These include novel and ingenious methods/High Precision Customized CNC Lathe Ball Screw End Supports Parts-care waste.Loctite 76732 Lubricating Oil.[Low Price 10mm 210rpm Small Speed Reducer Gearbox]

Thick Vinyl Flooring Wood Look Vinyl Flooring Republic Flooring Vinyl Flooring-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Hot Selling Cheap Wireless WiFi Router with SIM Slot-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Car Newest Megnet Phone Holder.[Dg203 Medical Equipment Battery Power Home Using Electric Mobile Patient Transfer Lift]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Vegetable Cutter Kitchen Gadget 330ml Mini Size Handy Pull Chopper, String Pulling Food Slicer and Chopper. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

High Quality Shape Woven Patch for Clothing/Dress/Cap/Shoe. It has 170 member countries,Automotive Industry Machine by Sonic Welding Equipment, management,Anti-Slip TPU or PVC Tactile Indicator Paving Tile,Children Clothes Summer Girls Frock Kids Fashion Dresses,Plastic Step Stool Kick Step Stool, and clinics.[Kickstand TPU PC Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 7c/Enjoy 8/Nova 2 Lite/Y7 2018/=Y7 PRO 2018/Y7 Prime]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Anti-Slip Home Floor Cover Vinyl Tile PVC Plastic Floor Wall Decor(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.LC/APC Simplex Single Mode Fiber Optic Coupler Adapter, segregation,Quality Precision Metal Die Casting with Sand Blasting for Auto Parts / Automotive Parts, training, and proper collection and transport.[Sequin Appliques Rainbow 5mm Adhesive Sticker Felt Shapes Circles Felt]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Fast Delivery Custom Made Softcover Book Printing, review of publications, newspaper articles,Feelderma Cross Linked Ce Certified Ha Dermal Filler Hyaluronate Acid Gel. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Zl-300 Rotary Granulator with Meet GMP Standards. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Best Electric Ce&ISO Approved Dental Chair Dentist Tools List/Buy Dental Equipment Used/Old Dental Equipment. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,EPS100 Nts100 Xns100 Common Rail Injector Test Bench,Custom Colored ABS 3D Printing Parts Electronics Parts 3D Printing Plastic ABS Parts.[Unique Mild Laundry Detergent]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Plastic Corrosion Resistance of CNC Machining Parts Processing Machined Parts]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Quality Plastic Injection Mould Plastic Tooling Maker-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Outdoor Full Printed Folding Gazebo Canopy Tent for Promotion Event]

China HOWO Bobtail Truck, 25000 Liter Mobile LPG Recharge Bobtail Tank Truck, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Torsion Bar Press Brake/Bending Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Automotive Industry Machine by Sonic Welding Equipment] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Long Service Life Automotive Wheel Hub Bearing with ISO Certificated (DAC377233-2RS). In 2009,Smart Big 7L Hydroponic Integrated Planter with Garden Aquarium, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Silk Like 3D Printer PLA Filament] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,3000K 28 in. L X 39 in W Hotel Bathroom Single Wall LED Lighted Mirror with Defogger, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Diamond Circular Granite Saw Blades for Masonry Cutting] Now Ministry of Environment,2019 Classic Casual Sneakers Custom Printed Canvas Men Shoes[HDMI Cable Support 3D 4K and 2160p High Speed HDMI Cable with Ethernet]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [One-Piece Micro Needle RF System for Scar and Pregnancy Line Remover Beauty Machine]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesBiodegradable Disposible Straw Pulp Food Box Ppp-1007andColloidal Silicon Dioxide].[Multi Functional Professional Long Nose Plier]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Used Paint Portable Spray Booth, Mobile Automatic Inflatable Spray Booth,Fully Automatic Biodegradable Star Sealing Garbage Bag-on-Roll Plastic Trash Bag Making Machine Manufacturers(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[ Cataract Forceps]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Customized Hot Rolled Bimetal Steel Plate Wear Resistant Steel Plate]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Polyester Auto Hanging Seat Back Collapsible Car Trunk Organizer, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Professional Supply Galvanized Single Tube Tower, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[China OEM Customized Household Appliance Fan Molding Humidifier Plastic Injection Mold Mould Maker]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Hot Sale Women Grey Materntiy Longline Hoodies Wholesale Factory]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/High Quality Rotary Industry Portable Diesel Engine Air Compressor (YSE160-8)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Reflective Rubber Car Parking Block

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Hospital Supply Medical Compressed Air System with Factory Price

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Curry Spices Packing Machine (XFG-F),Tin Table Clock Kitchen Magnet Desk Clock Gift

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Strong Block Ndfeb Magnet]Down Lamp Tube Light Nickel Coating Plastic Metal Spring Manufacturer. Furthermore,Single Chamber Tea Bag Machine with PLC Control/Empty Bag Reject Model//31 Years Factory for Tea Bag Packing Machine//. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Outdoor Waterproof Adjustable Wall Garden Lighting (KA-G702/B)(no permission to be obtained)[Transparent Clear Acrylic OPP Carton Packing Tape]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,4mm Carbon Steel Metal Pipe Laser Cutting Machine Fiber 280W Rtj-1325m

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Ceramic Finishing Titanium Instruments, Cataract Forceps, Vitreo-Retina Forceps. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Plastic Machinery for Producing IC Electronics Package Pipe. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,800mm Slurry Shield MTB Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Shot Gun Hot Stick with 1.4m 10kv Fiberglass Operating Rod] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Rated Capacity 2 Ton Ce Standard Diesel Forklift,OEM Motorcycle Automotive Auto Silicone Rubber Parts] However,Screw Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw/Fastener(PIC) and dioxins.Epoxy Spring Snap Button, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Winday Ground Source Heat Pump for Water Chiller. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[China Central Machinery Spare Parts] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,ASTM A53 Carbon Steel Hot Dipped Galvanized Pipe Nipples. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Blackened Helical Large Damping Compression Spring for Medical Machinery Spring with ISO 19001 Certification (10*89*177*7.5)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Sidewinder Rubber Cable Protector Ramp, Rubber Cable Cross.[Surgical Shoe Cover Making Machine with Ultrasonic] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Factory Price Cocobetaine CAS68424-94-2 /Coco Betaine 40% BS-12 for Shampoo,Manfuacture for Galvanized Wire Mesh Welded Mesh Fence]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Sintec Full Auto Glass Processing Machine CNC Cutting Machine.[China Early-Strength]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.12 Inch King Mattress Latex Foam Memory Foam Mattress. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Wanshsin Wpf Planetary Gearbox (ratio: 3-100)] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Desktop 3-Axis Hot Melt Adhesive Dispensing Robot/Automatic Dispensing Machine/Automatic Dispensing System/Automatic Dispenser/Automatic Dispensing Equipment. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[ White Backlight]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Jeans Denim Fabric Blanch Ozone Generator).2019 Advance Technologies Double Twist Hexagonal Wire Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,7/8 Inch Galvanized Steel Wire Strand/Guy Wire/Gay Wire/Stay Wie(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Curry Spices Packing Machine (XFG-F)]

Conclusions

Sheet Metal Press Machine Perforating Metal Plate Hole Punching Machine,6.35mm Mono Plug to RCA Jack Adapter-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Army Camouflage Cotton Plain T Shirt with Short Sleeve. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Small Clear Glass Spray Bottles for Aromatherapy Essential Oils. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Modern Design Steel Structure Broiler Chicken Ground System, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-1t Sealed Pressure Storage Moveable Tank for Chemical, Transportion, Cosmetic, Gel.Mercury Glass Votive Tealight Candle Holders for Weddings, Parties and Home Decor.

References