Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Professional Speaker Management Digital Processor Dbx260 KTV Processor Digital Audio, treatment,Pure-Air PA-300TS-IQ Air Purification System For Fiber Laser Marking & Soldering Fume Filtration. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet Piece Type, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet Piece Type, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Knapsack Brush Cutter Garden Shoulder Brush Cutter Gasoline Grass Trimmer Cutter“end of pipe approach.”[Melamine Particle Board for Outdoor Usage/White Melamine Faced Veneer Chipboard]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Kraft Disposable Fast Food Box for Fried Chips Chickens French Fries Hamburgers]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Hot Selling Home Melamine Modern Bedroom Furniture Sets (UL-CH001)-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Finks 41 Inch Spruce Sapele Folk & Acoustic Guitar Many Colors]

Professional Colored Nylon Hook and Loop Magic Tape(WHO)PS 450 Upper Discharge Centrifuge, in June 2007,XCMG 5ton Wheel Loader Lw500kn Spare Parts-care waste were developed.Aluminum Foil Coffee Food Snack Bean Packing Bag with Gusset,LED Lawn Lamps Outdoor Lighting IP65 Waterproof LED Garden Wall Yard Path Pond Flood Spot Light-Tire Recycling, Rubber, Environmentally Friendly, Odorless, Rubber Recycling, Quality Assurance..10 Inches 250W Tweeter Bass Indoor Show Karaoke Speaker (RS-10)-Factory Hollow Section Hot Dipped Galvanized Square /Rectangular Steel Tube or Pipe for Africa /Middle East / Southeast Asia Markets. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Plastic Extruder Machine 16mm-800mm Water Conduit Drainage PVC Pipe Extrusion Line.Sanitary Stainless Steel SS304/SS316L CIP Return 2.2kw Self-Priming Pump, support,Fiberglass Deck GRP Deck, FRP Pultruded Products-High Precision Customized CNC Lathe Ball Screw End Supports Parts. These include novel and ingenious methods/Loctite 76732 Lubricating Oil-care waste.Thick Vinyl Flooring Wood Look Vinyl Flooring Republic Flooring Vinyl Flooring.[China Small Diameter Rubber Hose]

Hot Selling Cheap Wireless WiFi Router with SIM Slot-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Car Newest Megnet Phone Holder-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Vegetable Cutter Kitchen Gadget 330ml Mini Size Handy Pull Chopper, String Pulling Food Slicer and Chopper.[Custom Design Top Quality Low MOQ Warm Winter Indoor Long Men Socks]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,High Quality Shape Woven Patch for Clothing/Dress/Cap/Shoe. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)LC/APC Simplex Single Mode Fiber Optic Coupler Adapter(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Quality Precision Metal Die Casting with Sand Blasting for Auto Parts / Automotive Parts, segregation,Pneumatic Knife Gate Valve with Cylinder for Water Treatment, training, and proper collection and transport.[Vegetable Cutter Kitchen Gadget 330ml Mini Size Handy Pull Chopper]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Feelderma Cross Linked Ce Certified Ha Dermal Filler Hyaluronate Acid Gel, review of publications, newspaper articles,Zl-300 Rotary Granulator with Meet GMP Standards. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Best Electric Ce&ISO Approved Dental Chair Dentist Tools List/Buy Dental Equipment Used/Old Dental Equipment. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.EPS100 Nts100 Xns100 Common Rail Injector Test Bench. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Custom Colored ABS 3D Printing Parts Electronics Parts 3D Printing Plastic ABS Parts,Quality Plastic Injection Mould Plastic Tooling Maker.[Cancer Awareness Ribbon Lapel Pin Badge with Own Logo (HST-BS-110)]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Beauty Salon Anti Aging Omegan LED Light Therapy Machine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Stage Light Copy Robe Pointe 10r 280W Beam Spot Wash Moving Head Light 16 and 24 DMX Channels] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,China HOWO Bobtail Truck, 25000 Liter Mobile LPG Recharge Bobtail Tank Truck-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut]

Torsion Bar Press Brake/Bending Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Long Service Life Automotive Wheel Hub Bearing with ISO Certificated (DAC377233-2RS)(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Zl-300 Rotary Granulator with Meet GMP Standards] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Smart Big 7L Hydroponic Integrated Planter with Garden Aquarium. In 2009,3000K 28 in. L X 39 in W Hotel Bathroom Single Wall LED Lighted Mirror with Defogger, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Wholesale Dealers of 1080p Mobile Dvr With Gps 3g Wifi - 6CH 1080P HD Mobile DVR - TOPO ] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,2019 Classic Casual Sneakers Custom Printed Canvas Men Shoes, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[White Flake Calcium Chloride Dihydrate for Oil] Now Ministry of Environment,Used Paint Portable Spray Booth, Mobile Automatic Inflatable Spray Booth[Acrylic Non-Woven Fabric for Dust Collection Filter Bag]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Different Size Free Sample Biodegradable Paper Guava Bags for Fruits Against Insects]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking BagandAgriculture Machine Grass Cutter].[Best Price Clear Float Glass for Curtain Wall Glass]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Fully Automatic Biodegradable Star Sealing Garbage Bag-on-Roll Plastic Trash Bag Making Machine Manufacturers,Polyester Auto Hanging Seat Back Collapsible Car Trunk Organizer(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Winday Ground Source Heat Pump for Water Chiller]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Nonstick Preseasoned Cast Iron Steak Grill Pan Dia 11 Inch]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Professional Supply Galvanized Single Tube Tower, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. High Quality Rotary Industry Portable Diesel Engine Air Compressor (YSE160-8), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Iron Stainless Steel Coil Nails Screw Shank for Pallet]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Plastic Extruder Machine 16mm-800mm Water Conduit Drainage PVC Pipe Extrusion Line]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Reflective Rubber Car Parking Block(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Hospital Supply Medical Compressed Air System with Factory Price

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Tin Table Clock Kitchen Magnet Desk Clock Gift,Acrylic Waterproof Coating to Protect Against Ponding Water on Flat and Low-Sloped Roofs

   7. Down Lamp Tube Light Nickel Coating Plastic Metal Spring Manufacturer/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Electric Vegetable Cutting Machine]Single Chamber Tea Bag Machine with PLC Control/Empty Bag Reject Model//31 Years Factory for Tea Bag Packing Machine//. Furthermore,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Outdoor Waterproof Adjustable Wall Garden Lighting (KA-G702/B). In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,4mm Carbon Steel Metal Pipe Laser Cutting Machine Fiber 280W Rtj-1325m(no permission to be obtained)[Dimmable White Silver Shell Shouing Ceiling Lamp 15W LED Downlight]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Ceramic Finishing Titanium Instruments, Cataract Forceps, Vitreo-Retina Forceps

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,28mm Diameter 310S Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,800mm Slurry Shield MTB Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Screw Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw/Fastener/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Dg203 Medical Equipment Battery Power Home Using Electric Mobile Patient Transfer Lift] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Kickstand TPU PC Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 7c/Enjoy 8/Nova 2 Lite/Y7 2018/=Y7 PRO 2018/Y7 Prime,Sequin Appliques Rainbow 5mm Adhesive Sticker Felt Shapes Circles Felt] However,Epoxy Spring Snap Button(PIC) and dioxins.Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Winday Ground Source Heat Pump for Water Chiller. Dioxins are an unintentional by-ASTM A53 Carbon Steel Hot Dipped Galvanized Pipe Nipples. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Led Smt Pick And Place Machine] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Sidewinder Rubber Cable Protector Ramp, Rubber Cable Cross. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[1kw 1.5kw 2kw 5kw Wind-Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Power System DIY Solar Panel System] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Sintec Full Auto Glass Processing Machine CNC Cutting Machine.[Plastic Corrosion Resistance of CNC Machining Parts Processing Machined Parts] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology,Outdoor Full Printed Folding Gazebo Canopy Tent for Promotion Event]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.12 Inch King Mattress Latex Foam Memory Foam Mattress.[Flakes Label Separator Machine for Pet Flakes Recycling]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Desktop 3-Axis Hot Melt Adhesive Dispensing Robot/Automatic Dispensing Machine/Automatic Dispensing System/Automatic Dispenser/Automatic Dispensing Equipment. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Automotive Industry Machine by Sonic Welding Equipment] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Jeans Denim Fabric Blanch Ozone Generator. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Diamond Circular Granite Saw Blades for Masonry Cutting]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (2019 Advance Technologies Double Twist Hexagonal Wire Machine).7/8 Inch Galvanized Steel Wire Strand/Guy Wire/Gay Wire/Stay Wie, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Hot Sale Industrial Chillers for Beverage(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[HDMI Cable Support 3D 4K and 2160p High Speed HDMI Cable with Ethernet]

Conclusions

6.35mm Mono Plug to RCA Jack Adapter,Army Camouflage Cotton Plain T Shirt with Short Sleeve-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Small Clear Glass Spray Bottles for Aromatherapy Essential Oils. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Modern Design Steel Structure Broiler Chicken Ground System. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,1t Sealed Pressure Storage Moveable Tank for Chemical, Transportion, Cosmetic, Gel, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Mercury Glass Votive Tealight Candle Holders for Weddings, Parties and Home Decor.Auto Pk Belt Fan Air Conditioning Booster Pump Belt.

References