Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Stage Light Copy Robe Pointe 10r 280W Beam Spot Wash Moving Head Light 16 and 24 DMX Channels, treatment,Wholesale Gi Galvanized Corrugated Steel Roofing Sheet. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,EVA Foam Cutting Machine for Packaging Protection Material Patterm Cutting Dieless Automatic CNC Ce, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,EVA Foam Cutting Machine for Packaging Protection Material Patterm Cutting Dieless Automatic CNC Ce, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,1308/1308k Machine Tool Self-Aligning Ball Bearing“end of pipe approach.”[Outdoor Garden Patio Furniture Rattan Lounge Sitting Room Pool Sofa Set]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[New Waterproof Solid Surface Kitchen Furniture Japan Kitchen Sink]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Ve Head Rotor for Citroen - Bosch Injector Pump Parts-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Custom Made Acrylic Elastic Knit Headbands]

Stainless Steel Sanitary SMS Pipe Fittings Union (JN-UN2002)(WHO)Cast Iron Bucket/Sand Casting Basin/Ductile Iron Casting, in June 2007,Hc-10t Heavy Duty Big Cable Terminal Cable Lug Crimping Machine Crimper-care waste were developed.No Smoke Biomass Corn COB Carbonization Kiln Price,Double& Single Faced Tube Storage Cantilever Rack System with 500kg~1200kg-Hot Rolled 304 316 (304L 316L) Stainless Steel Plate/Sheet Price.Anatase Titanium Dioxide TiO2 for Paint and Coating La101-Adjustable Neck Brace /Rigid Plastic Cervical Collar with Chin/Cervical Support Strap. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-250VAC Push Plinger Waterproof Mini Limit Switch.OEM Factory Commercial Automatic Stainless Steel Big Ice Cube Making Machine, support,304 Stainless Steel Staircase Armrest Fittings Shell Cover Foshan-Customized 8pin Pogo Pin Power Magnetic USB Cable Connector. These include novel and ingenious methods/Plastic Lid Press Making Machine Cup Lids Forming Machine-care waste.Shenzhen China Air Conditioner Universal PCBA.[chargers]

12V200ah/12V150ah/12V100ah VRLA Lead Acid AGM UPS Industrial Storage Battery-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Autoclave Indicator Tape, Chemical Indicator, Process Monitoring, CE, Clinical Consumables-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Cooking Oil Filter Machine Australia Edible Oil Filter Press.[Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet Piece Type]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,BS-2073b High Level Biological Microscope for College Education. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)OEM Rigid SMT PCB Assembly Printed Circuit Board PCB Manufacture(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.33/0.433kv 100kVA 3 Phase Oil Immersed Power Pole Mount Transformer, segregation,Biodegradable Disposible Straw Pulp Food Box Ppp-1007, training, and proper collection and transport.[ Rubber Recycling]

Lovely and Dynamic 3 & 6 Seats Mini Merry Go Round Ride. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,220V Meter 1000va Relay Type Automatic Voltage Stabilizer.China Custom Modern Grey Kitchen Cabinets Guangzhou-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Customized 8pin Pogo Pin Power Magnetic USB Cable Connector]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Anti-Theft Ss Wire Rope Mesh Bag Hand Woven Stainless Steel Bags, review of publications, newspaper articles,2.13 E- Ink Screen with Black&White and 250*122 Resolution for Electronic Shelf Label. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Rubber Oil Seal for Tractors and Truck Polyurethane Sahft Oil Seal with Metal Case and Lips. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Good Price 200 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Long Lasting Scent Perfume Sale Online with Factory Price,Jumbo Neon Bulk Plastic Straight Drinking Straws.[PE Jacket 24 Core G. 652 Armoured Fiber Optic Cable GYTS]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h)] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Calcium Chloride 74%, 77%, 94% Bags of 25kg-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[16 Inch Tower Mount Reversible Oscillating Hanging Wall Fan]

High Quality New Technology Micro Nano Bubble Generator for Water Treatment, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Light Duty Manhole Cover for Sale(HCF) in India across 20 states.[High Purity Magnesium Ingot 99.99%] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%BS1387 / Greenhouse Galvanized Steel Pipe 1.5′′ 1mm. In 2009,Professional Speaker Management Digital Processor Dbx260 KTV Processor Digital Audio, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[thtransformer.com] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Pure-Air PA-300TS-IQ Air Purification System For Fiber Laser Marking & Soldering Fume Filtration, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Production Line Make Pre Cooked Corn Meal Maize Powder Flour Making Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet Piece Type[Customization Spiral Finned Tube Economizer Pipes for Steam Boiler Parts]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Amarok Tail Gate Cab Bed Liner Bed Rail Cap Black]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesATS-800 Automatic Centrifugal Dewatering MachineandMen Sport Shoes with PVC Injection Shoes (S-0123)].[Customized Women Leather Zipper Small Coin Purse Wallet]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Knapsack Brush Cutter Garden Shoulder Brush Cutter Gasoline Grass Trimmer Cutter,Hot Selling Home Melamine Modern Bedroom Furniture Sets (UL-CH001)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[High Quality Fruit Lemon H20 Water Bottle Drinking Bottle Infusion Sports Bottle BPA Free]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Autoclave Indicator Tape]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Professional Colored Nylon Hook and Loop Magic Tape, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. PS 450 Upper Discharge Centrifuge, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[China Factory Supply Wool Itf Approved Beach Tennis Ball]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Outdoor Cycling Fishing Hiking Beach Camping Head Umbrella Women Men Kids Sun Rain Umbrella Hat Cap]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/XCMG 5ton Wheel Loader Lw500kn Spare Parts(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Aluminum Foil Coffee Food Snack Bean Packing Bag with Gusset

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   5. Tire Recycling, Rubber, Environmentally Friendly, Odorless, Rubber Recycling, Quality Assurance.

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,10 Inches 250W Tweeter Bass Indoor Show Karaoke Speaker (RS-10),Factory Hollow Section Hot Dipped Galvanized Square /Rectangular Steel Tube or Pipe for Africa /Middle East / Southeast Asia Markets

   7. Plastic Extruder Machine 16mm-800mm Water Conduit Drainage PVC Pipe Extrusion Line/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Best Price Ball Screw Set Stepper Motor Ball Screw Set for CNC Machine 3210 Ball and Screw]Sanitary Stainless Steel SS304/SS316L CIP Return 2.2kw Self-Priming Pump. Furthermore,Fiberglass Deck GRP Deck, FRP Pultruded Products. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,High Precision Customized CNC Lathe Ball Screw End Supports Parts. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Loctite 76732 Lubricating Oil(no permission to be obtained)[Clear Glass Storage Jar Food Spice Jar with Cork Lid]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Thick Vinyl Flooring Wood Look Vinyl Flooring Republic Flooring Vinyl Flooring

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Hot Selling Cheap Wireless WiFi Router with SIM Slot. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Fast Delivery Custom Made Softcover Book Printing. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Feelderma Cross Linked Ce Certified Ha Dermal Filler Hyaluronate Acid Gel/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Custom 304 Stamping Parts-Punching Stamp Parts-Metal Pressing -Sheet Metal] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work,Large Suction Capacity Commercial Chimney Cooker Hood Grease Filter] However,Zl-300 Rotary Granulator with Meet GMP Standards(PIC) and dioxins.Best Electric Ce&ISO Approved Dental Chair Dentist Tools List/Buy Dental Equipment Used/Old Dental Equipment, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.EPS100 Nts100 Xns100 Common Rail Injector Test Bench. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Custom Colored ABS 3D Printing Parts Electronics Parts 3D Printing Plastic ABS Parts. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Groove Type Wood Log Tree Peeling and Debarking Machine] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Quality Plastic Injection Mould Plastic Tooling Maker. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[High Quality Rotary Industry Portable Diesel Engine Air Compressor (YSE160-8)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,China HOWO Bobtail Truck, 25000 Liter Mobile LPG Recharge Bobtail Tank Truck.[Auto Parts Alloy 3000 Series Reflective Rolled Aluminium Plate Sheet] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[200-300GSM PVC Coated Polyester Mesh for Outside Usage,Centrifugal Slurry Pumps (NP-AH(R))]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Torsion Bar Press Brake/Bending Machine.[Hot Sale Excavator Parts for Komatsu PC60 PC70 PC100n Swivel Joint Seal Kit 703-07-23100]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Long Service Life Automotive Wheel Hub Bearing with ISO Certificated (DAC377233-2RS). The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[ Sprocket Wheel] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Smart Big 7L Hydroponic Integrated Planter with Garden Aquarium. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[OEM EPDM/NBR/Butyl/Nr/Cr/Viton/Silicone Custom Molded Rubber Parts]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (3000K 28 in. L X 39 in W Hotel Bathroom Single Wall LED Lighted Mirror with Defogger).2019 Classic Casual Sneakers Custom Printed Canvas Men Shoes, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Used Paint Portable Spray Booth, Mobile Automatic Inflatable Spray Booth(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Dental Supply Silicone Rubber Polisher for Prosthetic and Orthodontic Acrylics]

Conclusions

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References