Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Dn25 Approved Stainless Steel 304 Pneumatic Piston Angle Seat Valve, treatment,Rg59 with 2core Power Coaxial Cable. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,LCD Display Bzc-220V-150A PWM Solar Charge Cntroller, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,LCD Display Bzc-220V-150A PWM Solar Charge Cntroller, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy“end of pipe approach.”[Shiny Laser Holo Powder Rainbow Chrome Manicure Holographic Pigment]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[LCD Display Bzc-220V-150A PWM Solar Charge Cntroller]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Custom 100% Cotton Face Cleaning Refreshing Wet Towel-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[9′′ 6CH 1080 HD Mobile Car DVR with Touch Screen]

Diagnostic Medical Clinical Alpk2 Palm Aneroid Digital Bp Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer(WHO)60m3 Bulk Silo Trailer Wheat Transport for Sale, in June 2007,Stainless Steel Screw DIN912 Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws Customised-care waste were developed.Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools,12 Pin Car Mirror ISO Wiring Harness Manufacturer-Potassium Humate Powder, Humic Acid Powder.Poultry House Chicken Feed Silo-HD 1080P 4 Channel Car Mobile DVR with GPS, 3G/4G, WiFi. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Secondary Stainless Steel Coil and Sheet.Free Sample Promotion Holographic E-Liquid Paper Box Package, support,White Flake Calcium Chloride Dihydrate for Oil-1000W 1500W 3 Meters Pipe Laser Cutter CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Metal Sheet. These include novel and ingenious methods/High Quality Cleaning Microfiber Magic Spin Mop with Mop Bucket-care waste.10 Mode Remote Control Single Egg Vibrators 100% Waterproof Speed Jump Egg Love Ball Clitoris Stimulator Sex Toys for Women.[Small Bottle Full Automatic Water Filling Machine for Pet Bottle]

2017 Solar Garden Stake Light (RS-124)-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Four Colors Silicone Sex Toys Fox Tail Anal Plug-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Clear Ampoules Made of Low Borosilicate Class and Glass Tubing.[Die Casting Aluminum P2 P2.5 P3 P4 LED Screen Signboard]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,LED Outdoor 5m, 6m, 7m, 8m, 9m 10m Lighting Pole and 30W, 40W, 50W, 60W, 70W, 80W, 90W, 100W, 120W, 150W LED Solar Street Lamp. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Electrical Hot Air Blower Brushless Motor Battery Operated Air Blower Fan. It has 170 member countries,Pet PE BOPP PVC CPP Film Slitting Machine, management,Yellow Selvage White Multifilament Fishing Tackle Nylon Fishing Net,Dental Pfm Crown From China Dental Laboratory,4 Column Hydraulic Press to Calibrate The Steel Pipe, and clinics.[High Quality Hotel Mini Bar Fridge Refrigerator with Solar Energy]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Coal Rock Crawler Mucking Loader Machine Rock Mucking Loader for Underground(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Customization Spiral Finned Tube Economizer Pipes for Steam Boiler Parts, segregation,Comfort Home Indoor Scent Aroma Machine Silent Essential Oil Diffuser, training, and proper collection and transport.[High Quality Cleaning Microfiber Magic Spin Mop with Mop Bucket]

Night Vision Camera Infrared IP67 Outdoor CMOS Cameras. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Vacuum Coating Machine for Golden Door Handle/Metal PVD Coating Machines.Diamond Pattern Security Barbs Razor Wire-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[HDMI VGA DVI AV Input 55inch electronic whiteboard white board]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.SS304 SS316 M6 M8 M10 DIN557 Stainless Steel Square Thin Nut, review of publications, newspaper articles,Precision CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Washers Spacers. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Quality Fasteners Screws Bolt with Reasonable Price. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Small Size Liquid Container with Cheap Price,Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo.[Cheap Led Keychain Light]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[LED RGB Stage Effect Light Vision Curtain for Indoor Show]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[6.35mm Mono Plug to RCA Jack Adapter] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Polycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE Flakes Crude Powder for Concrete-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[4 Column Hydraulic Press to Calibrate The Steel Pipe]

2~3 Cm Natural Long Lasting Decorative Flower Roses for Christmas Gifts & Crafts, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Cummins Diesel Engine Electric Silent Power Generation 16kw -1100kw(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Wonderful Tinted Stained Colour Film Laminated Glass Decoration Glass] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Quality Prepayment Energy Meter 12 Volt DC Latching Relays 24V DC Magnetic Contactor Relays. In 2009,High Quality Electronic Circuit Boards PCBA / PCB Assembly, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Catv Amplifier] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,2018 New Wireless Bt Speaker with UHF Microphone Home KTV, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Good Insulated Real Estate Well Designed Labor Camp/Warehouse Prefab House] Now Ministry of Environment,Drum / Roll Permanent Magnetic Particle Separator Equipment for Mining[Adjustable Neck Brace /Rigid Plastic Cervical Collar with Chin/Cervical Support Strap]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [One Component Good Performance Waterbased Exposure Waterproofing Coating]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesBottle UV Sterilizer Baby Bottle UV Sterilizer Sterile Plastic Spray BottlesandPlastic Cup Printing Machine].[Sc Specification Electrical Tinned Copper Cable Terminal Lugs]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Pipe Production Line for PE Shell Pipe Casing Thin Wall Pipe with Thermal Insulation with Polyurethane Foam (PPU),High-Tech Platen Vulcanizing Press Rubber Machine / Automatic Plate Vulcanizing Press(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Sticky Backed Fastener Self Adhesive Hook & Loop Strap]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[ Crystal Lamp]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Breathable PU Coated Ripstop Taffeta 190t Polyester Fabric with Printed, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Preseasoned Cast Iron Mini Serving Cocotte Casserole(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Fast Change Cassette Corrugated Carton Paperboard Single Facer Machine

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Xgma 3 Ton Earth Moving Machine Small Wheel Loader Xg935h,Bytcnc High Efficiency Aluminum Profile Bending Machine Auto

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[2019 New Type Cheap Steel Frame Steel Structure Warehouse Structure]Valve Liquid Level Indicator Device Assembly. Furthermore,17 X 15 Mesh Fiberglass Window Screen / Fly/Insect /Mosquito Mesh. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Squeegee Blade. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,for Oil Fields Clay Stabilizer(no permission to be obtained)[Matte Black Graduation Gown with Honor Cords]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Galvanized Steel Coil (GI) , PPGI PPGL Ppal Writing Board

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Women Fashion Winter V Neck Long Sleeve Clothes. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,1/4 6.35mm Plug Connector Phone Jack Mono Stereo Audio Chrome. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Flexible Temperature Chemical SAE 100r14/Teflon Hose/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Tin Table Clock Kitchen Magnet Desk Clock Gift] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Waterproof LED Flash Shoe Light Crystal Epoxy Resin, or Displays] However,Automatic Aluminum Roller Shutter Garage Door (HF-J328)(PIC) and dioxins.China Deep Drawing Aluminium Disc/Circle Cookware/Utensile/Lighting Usage with Good Flatness 1050/1060/1070/1100/3003/3005, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Fiber Optic DWDM 100g Mux/Demux Module. Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Efficiency Multi-Function Disposable Plastic Cutlery for Napkin Knife Fork Spoon Pepper Salt Packing Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Agricultural Hose End Trigger Lock Sprayer for Insecticide] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Vibratory Deburring Bowls Tumbler with Sound Enclosure. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Laundry Extracting Machine/ Hydro Extractor for Gloves (SS75)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,5kVA Air Cooled Silent Diesel Portable Generator.[ Mobile Automatic Inflatable Spray Booth] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[80tph Brand New Mobile Drum Mix Asphalt Plant,Good Price 96V 120A PV Input 200V MPPT Solar Charge Controller for Sale]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook.[Abh 4 Beams Infrared Detector/Long Detecting Distance Motion Detector]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Girls Bling Mini Travel Backpack Kids Children School Bag Satchel Purses. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Industrial Filter Bag for Dust Collector] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Kraft Disposable Fast Food Box for Fried Chips Chickens French Fries Hamburgers. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Galvanized Aluminum Wire Mesh Window Screen]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800).Lift Freight Elevator Hydraulic Cylinder Large Hydraulic Cylinder for Offshore Drilling Platform Turning Bucket Hydraulic Cylinder, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,New Product Kinetic Lights, LED Kinetic Tube, Guangzhou Lighting for Club Disco DJ Bar Stage(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Vertical Weighing Filling Packaging Packing Machine for Food]

Conclusions

Ball Screw Aluminium Alloy Linear Slide Stage, CNC Robot Arm,Wholesale China Crystal Round Self Adhesive Sexy Nipple Cover Woman-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Lt Series Oil Burner Applied in Steam Boiler. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Foods, Beans, Seeds, Coffee, Chips, Sugar, Plastic Stand up Bag with Ziplock. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Rubber Bushing Auto Parts 48818-12170 for Toyota Corolla Ae111, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Customized High Performance Irregular Shape AlNiCo Magnet.2017 New Quick Charge QC3.0 Power Bank Mobile Charger.

References