Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve, treatment,Discharge Valve Price Custom Good Sealing Casting Electric Rotary Air Lock Valves. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,M16-M30 Metric Steel Hex Head Bolts Class10.9 High Strength Bolts“end of pipe approach.”[Space-Saving Im1002 Magnetic Refrigerator Relay Used in Smart Grid Era]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Wholesale China Crystal Round Self Adhesive Sexy Nipple Cover Woman]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Quality Polyester Retro Reflective Fabric for Clothing-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[4 Spindles Fully Automatic Non Stop Rewinding Machine]

H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H3072)(WHO)Wash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker Printing, in June 2007,Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale-care waste were developed.Popular Needle Free Jet Injection Hyaluronic Acid Pen for Skin Whitening,3D Modern Brick Interior Wallpapers 3D Paper Wall Decoration-Custom Injection Molding Product ABS Plastic Injection.Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC-Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Plastic PPR Water& Electric Conduit Pipe Tube (extruder, haul off, cutting winding, belling) Extrusion Extruding Making Production Line Machine.High Quality Strong Aluminum Window Screen Door Mosquito Net Insect Net, support,Draught Beer Brewery Equipment Amstel Bier Beer Brewery Plant-Insulation Top Hung Aluminum Awning Window with Mosquito Net. These include novel and ingenious methods/Hot Latest Sexy Womens Gym Wear Online-care waste.Semi Precious Stone Fashiong Natural Crystal Amethyst Beaded Charming Bracelet Jewellery.[8K Mirror Color Stainless Steel Sheet 201 304 316 316L]

DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle.[Army Camouflage Cotton Plain T Shirt with Short Sleeve]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Kga Series Rubber Decorative Slip-Proof and Nail-Hidden Alu Flooring Profiles(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Wholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle Jar, segregation,Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines, training, and proper collection and transport.[ Bag Closure]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.China Supplier Hard Ware Fittings Gas Spring for Tool Box, review of publications, newspaper articles,Prefabricated Labor Accommodation House and Office. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Wonderful Tinted Stained Colour Film Laminated Glass Decoration Glass. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.99% High Purity Alumina Ceramic Ball. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Automatic Manual Free Switching PVD Coating Machine for Glass Metal,Melamine Particle Board for Outdoor Usage/White Melamine Faced Veneer Chipboard.[28mm Znse Laser Focus Lens High Quality Supplier]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Best Electric Ce&ISO Approved Dental Chair Dentist Tools List/Buy Dental Equipment Used/Old Dental Equipment] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[ Sugar]

Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Elastic Woven Casual Women Shoes Breathable Lady Shoes(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Tassel and Cross Pendant Earrings Charming 925 Silver Earrings] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%1325 3 Heads Wood Kitchen Cabinet Door CNC Router. In 2009,3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Excavator Cylinder Seal Supplier & Manufacturer] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Aluminum Height Adjustable Cane (SC-CR58-67), increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW)] Now Ministry of Environment,Stone Carving Sculpture Marble Garden Fountain with Planter Pot Fore Home Decoration[AMS-Tde-04 Snow Fat Tire 350W Electric Bike/Ebike/Electric Bicycle]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [ASTM A53 Carbon Steel Hot Dipped Galvanized Pipe Nipples]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesAutomatic Hard Candy Depositing Line (PLC Control)andGlobe Valve Angle Type].[Drum / Roll Permanent Magnetic Particle Separator Equipment for Mining]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,100% Natural High Quality Freeze-Dried Blueberry Powder with Good Taste,Hot Sales Titanium Dioxide Anatase(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[ Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Construction Industry]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Teflon Paper for Heat Press, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Mining Machinery Sandvik Symons Nordberg Mantle Cone Crusher Parts, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[2~3 Cm Natural Long Lasting Decorative Flower Roses for Christmas Gifts & Crafts]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/China Supplier European Standard 10 Ton Electric Wire Rope Hoist(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.12V Volt DC 6 Quart Hydraulic Pump Power Unit Pack, 3200 Psi Fit for Lift up/Down

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Dental Chair Foot Pad Dental Mat Cushion Seat Unit Dustproof Cover Protector,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[www.chinacarmates.com]FUJI 8 Persons 630kg Stainless Steel Mirror Home Sightseeing Villa Hospital Passenger Elevator Lift for Sale. Furthermore,Multi-Rows on Edge Packaging Machine for Snacks. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Chicken Manure Fertilizer Plant Organic Pellets Fertilizer Machine Waste Fertilizer Production Line. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Marble granite Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Furniture(no permission to be obtained)[Decorative Stainless Steel 304 Ss Pipe Supplier]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Vertical Cutting Machine Sponge Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,China Factory Supply Wool Itf Approved Beach Tennis Ball. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Industrial Filter Bag for Dust Collector. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Rigid Malleable Iron Clamp Back Spacers/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Fast Delivery Custom Made Softcover Book Printing] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[8 Kyocera 220sqm/H Blanket Woven Knitted Fabric Digital Textile Belt Printer,Bigger Volume Air Bag Dust Collector] However,Transparent Clear Acrylic OPP Carton Packing Tape(PIC) and dioxins.Back-Sealing Automatic Packaging Machine- Stainless Steel, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine. Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Efficiency Automatic Silicone Lace Coating Machine by PLC Controlling. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[www.jacrea-outdoor.com] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Flexible DC12V/24V SMD 2835 3528 Blue Christmas Light LED Strip. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Lead Acid Battery Front Terminal 12V 105ah Maintenance Free] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,360 Degree Maverick Angler Fishing Kayak with Rotating Seat.[Pet and PP Geobag with UV High Strength Thermal] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[120W Outdoor Highway IP66 Aluminum LED Street Light Luminaire,Personal Design Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Metal Pin Badge with Gold Plating Custom Branded Nickle Plated Pin Badges (288)]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Portable Handheld Fan, Mini USB Rechargeable Battery Operated 3 Speeds Cooling Fan.[Aluminium Corner Extrusion]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.4X4 Car Roof Luggage Aluminum Alloy Profile Roof Rack. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Plated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pins] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[High Quality Prepayment Energy Meter 12 Volt DC Latching Relays 24V DC Magnetic Contactor Relays]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Lucky Key Necklace for Women).Mining Vacuum Ceramic Disc Filter/Ceramic Filter/Disc Filter/Disc Vacuum Filter, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Aluminum CNC Turning Metal Milling Machining Parts(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Unique Die Cut Coloring Hard Cover Kids Board Comic Alarm Clock Book Printing China]

Conclusions

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References