Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine, treatment,High Efficiency Automatic Silicone Lace Coating Machine by PLC Controlling. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Flexible DC12V/24V SMD 2835 3528 Blue Christmas Light LED Strip, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Flexible DC12V/24V SMD 2835 3528 Blue Christmas Light LED Strip, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,360 Degree Maverick Angler Fishing Kayak with Rotating Seat“end of pipe approach.”[SS304 SS316 M6 M8 M10 DIN557 Stainless Steel Square Thin Nut]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Xl Mill Rolls Cast Steel Rolls]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Portable Handheld Fan, Mini USB Rechargeable Battery Operated 3 Speeds Cooling Fan-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Vp-0100 Intelligent Electric Valve Actuator Rotary Valve Motorized Actuator Low Torque Actuator for Ball Valve Butterfly Valve Quarter Turn Electric Actuator]

4X4 Car Roof Luggage Aluminum Alloy Profile Roof Rack(WHO)Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes, in June 2007,Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Lucky Key Necklace for Women-care waste were developed.Mining Vacuum Ceramic Disc Filter/Ceramic Filter/Disc Filter/Disc Vacuum Filter,Aluminum CNC Turning Metal Milling Machining Parts-Adjustable Office Commercial Suspended Pendant LED Aluminum Channel Profile for Ceiling Light.Custom Embroidered Socks christmas Cute Thermal Funky Cotton Socks-Good Direct Manufacturer Customer Metal 3D Award Medals. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Outdoor Bike Sports Silicone 600ml Folding Sports Water Bottle.Folding Ebike Fat Tyre, support,Profession Custom Printing Coloring Book-Ambarella A12 Body Worn Camera for Police 4G WiFi IP65 1080P Police Wearable Body Camera. These include novel and ingenious methods/Pre Engineered Light Steel Structure Building-care waste.LED Highbay Light Warehouse Lighting 100W LED UFO Highbay Light.[Bright LED Lighting]

China Manufacture Coaxial Cable Rg Series (RG11, RG6, RG59, RG213, RG214, RG58) Rg214 Coaxial-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Wholesale Scc638 High Efficiency Water-Based Cutting Fluid in Hot Sale-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Swiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts.[Dn-6 Fully Automatic and Computer Controlled Single-Needle Quilting Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,IGBT 5kg Steel Induction Melting Furnace. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Threaded Male Nipple Stainless Steel Air Fittings Plug Pneumatic Quick Connector(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Upgraded Neutral Laboratory Salt Spray Salt Fog Corrosion Test Chamber, segregation,Jiayu Jrr Series Heat Regenerated Adsorption Air Dryer, training, and proper collection and transport.[X (S) N-150/30 China Lanhang Rubber Mixing Machine]

Manufacturers Selling High-Quality Food Grade Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous for Food Additives. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,European Market Full HD RJ45 LAN Port DVB-T2 H. 265 TV Receiver.Auto Shock Absorber Spring for Mazda Automobile Suspension Part-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Sanitary Stainless Steel SS304/SS316L CIP Return 2.2kw Self-Priming Pump]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Hot Sale 4 Seater Fast Food Dining Room Set, review of publications, newspaper articles,2019 OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Eye Lash Cosmetics Makeup Brush Set Kits. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Xl Mill Rolls Cast Steel Rolls. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Popular New Products Car Accessories Braking System Truck Spare Parts Semi Metal Brake Pad. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Best Selling High Quality Automatic Palletizing Robot Machine Manipulator,Custom Design Top Quality Low MOQ Warm Winter Indoor Long Men Socks.[1 1/2 Inch En 10305 St52 Schedule80 Cold Drawn Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Pan Base Graphite Felt]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Plastic Backing Nonwoven Polishing Disc] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Wine Cocktail Decoration Biodegradable Paper Straw-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[12V 24V 54mm High Speed Electric DC Gear Motor]

Pet Supplies Non-Slip Stainless Steel Dog Drinking Water Food Bowl, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Beauty Salon Anti Aging Omegan LED Light Therapy Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[12V DC PV Panel Lighting Kit Emergency Lamps Shed Lights Energy Saving Lamp] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame. In 2009,Manfuacture for Galvanized Wire Mesh Welded Mesh Fence, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[South Africa Standard G550 Ibr 686 Profile Roofing Sheet] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Hot! Steel Hospital Treatment Cart Emergency Trolley for Patient, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Diamond Multi-Wire for Granite Slab Cutting/Diamond Wire for Granite Squaring] Now Ministry of Environment,Factory Price Aluminum/Aluminium Foil in Jumbo Roll for Industry Application[ Sofa Elastic Strap]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [BS1387 / Greenhouse Galvanized Steel Pipe 1.5′′ 1mm]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPneumatic Control Shuttle Valve NPT ThreadandEgg Cartons Maker].[Heavy Duty Lid Stay Soft Close Lip Stay Support Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Shiny Laser Holo Powder Rainbow Chrome Manicure Holographic Pigment,100W High Quality LED Corn Bulb with ETL Certificate(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[High Quality CAS 10040-45-6 Sodium Picosulfate with Best Price]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Wine Cocktail Decoration Biodegradable Paper Straw]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.3D Cartoon High Quality Rubber Keychain Product (SLF-KC006), CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. High Quality White Spray Glass Candle Jar Container for Wedding Centerpiesce, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[High Quality PU/TPU Tape for Garment]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Factory Hollow Section Hot Dipped Galvanized Square /Rectangular Steel Tube or Pipe for Africa /Middle East / Southeast Asia Markets]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Hot Selling Wholesale Plywood 10-25mm Good Price Quality(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Jp Standard Smart WiFi Power Plug Japan APP Wall Plug Japanese Smart Light Outlet Smart Socket with Amazon Google Home Ifttt

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Non Woven Polishing Wheel for Stainless Steel,Full Computerized Plain and Terry Sock Machine

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[150kg Per Hour Frozen French Fries Production Line]Pharmaceutical Grade Thymosin Beta-4 CAS No. 77591-33-4 Tb 500 Peptide. Furthermore,Retekool Ds18b20 Waterproof 3-Wire Temperature Probe. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Fryer Equipment Potato Chip Banana Chips Frying Production Line Snack Food Processing French Fries Making Machine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Small Production Wheat Bran for Feed Making Line Animal Chicken Fish Feed Farm Equipment(no permission to be obtained)[950 Mechanical Seal Water Pump Mechanical Seal]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Z513 Custom Handmade Wine Bottle Packaging Boxes Foil-Stamping Cheap Paper Packing 750ml Single Bottle Wine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,ISO Natural Organic Pumpkin Powder 100% Pumpkin Powder with Best Price. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Hotel Room Digital Safe with LED Display. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Aluminum Profiles L Shape Tile Edge Trim with Champagne Color/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[ Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[3D Cartoon High Quality Rubber Keychain Product (SLF-KC006),Reflective Banner Flex (T7101)] However,4V420-15 Airtac Solenoid Valve(PIC) and dioxins.ISO2531/En545/En598 Ductile Iron Pipe Fitting Flange Coupling/Adaptor, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Machining Part for Fitness Equipment Belt Pulley CNC Turning Parts. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Disco Stage Beam Spot Wash Light 200W LED Moving Head. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[1 - Organic Fertilizer Npk] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Carbon Ss400 Farm Gates 1.5 Inch Galvanized Steel Pipe Price Per Meter. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[50X70mm Suspended Pendant Lights LED Aluminum Profile for LED Strip Lights] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Wholesale High Quality Women′s Outdoor Hiking Boots.[Preseasoned Cast Iron Mini Serving Cocotte Casserole] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[2019 OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Eye Lash Cosmetics Makeup Brush Set Kits,Greatly Discounted Customized Factory Custom Metal Structures]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Power Steering Rack/Steering Gear for Toyota Hiace Van/Hiace Parts 3y4y Lh113, 103, 109 Yh50 44250-26341 44250-26040.[Cheap Ferret Cages]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.PU Leather for Glove& Clothes Purpose in 0.5mm. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Good Quality Metal Hoist Hook] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,PVC View Binder A4 2 D Ring 2.5 65mm White Paper File Folder. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Profession Custom Printing Coloring Book]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Ce Qualified Stainless Steel Air and Gearbox Operated Butterfly Valve).Dx51d+Az120 Cold Rolled Galvalume Steel Coil in Full Hard, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,XL-21 Type OEM Motive Motive Electrical Switchgear Power Cabinet(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Reflective Rubber Car Parking Block]

Conclusions

Funny Educational Toys Game Learning Rapid Cubes Plastic Toys for Kids H9085013,UV Protective Highway Polycarbonate Solid Sound Barrier Sheet-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,18mm Red Oak Green Core Chipboard. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Rigid HDPE LDPE Pet PP Bottle and Crate Recycling Granulator Machine /High Speed Singles Screw Extruder Plastic Recycling Machine. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,New Arrival Dark Blue Cement Pot with Wooden Stand, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.

References