Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Used Paint Portable Spray Booth, Mobile Automatic Inflatable Spray Booth, treatment,Fully Automatic Biodegradable Star Sealing Garbage Bag-on-Roll Plastic Trash Bag Making Machine Manufacturers. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Polyester Auto Hanging Seat Back Collapsible Car Trunk Organizer, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Polyester Auto Hanging Seat Back Collapsible Car Trunk Organizer, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Professional Supply Galvanized Single Tube Tower“end of pipe approach.”[OEM Motorcycle Automotive Auto Silicone Rubber Parts]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Blackened Helical Large Damping Compression Spring for Medical Machinery Spring with ISO 19001 Certification (10*89*177*7.5)]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Quality Rotary Industry Portable Diesel Engine Air Compressor (YSE160-8)-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Surgical Shoe Cover Making Machine with Ultrasonic]

Reflective Rubber Car Parking Block(WHO)Hospital Supply Medical Compressed Air System with Factory Price, in June 2007,MB-Z800 12-15t/H Wood Log Debarker 10t/H Automatic Bark Peeler Bark Peeling Machine-care waste were developed.Curry Spices Packing Machine (XFG-F),Tin Table Clock Kitchen Magnet Desk Clock Gift-Acrylic Waterproof Coating to Protect Against Ponding Water on Flat and Low-Sloped Roofs.Down Lamp Tube Light Nickel Coating Plastic Metal Spring Manufacturer-Single Chamber Tea Bag Machine with PLC Control/Empty Bag Reject Model//31 Years Factory for Tea Bag Packing Machine//. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA.Outdoor Waterproof Adjustable Wall Garden Lighting (KA-G702/B), support,4mm Carbon Steel Metal Pipe Laser Cutting Machine Fiber 280W Rtj-1325m-Ceramic Finishing Titanium Instruments, Cataract Forceps, Vitreo-Retina Forceps. These include novel and ingenious methods/28mm Diameter 310S Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe-care waste.Competitive Price Diesel Self Loading Mobile Mixer Truck Cummins Engine for Sale.[12/24V DC Gear Motor 42mm]

PVD Vacuum Coating Machine for Stainless Steel, Metal, Ceramic, Mosaic-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,15ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Black Gold Transparent Acrylic Plastic Airless Cosmetic Lotion Pump Bottle for Personal Care-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Betaine Anhydrous 98% Food Grade Good Quality Competitive Price.[Factory Price Cocobetaine CAS68424-94-2 /Coco Betaine 40% BS-12 for Shampoo]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Steel Toe-Cap High Cut Winter Boots with Wool Lining Ax05057. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Headway Horizon UHP Car Tire 205/50zr17. It has 170 member countries,Shower Room G79z21L Wholesale Price High Grade 304SUS Sliding Glass Bathroom Luxury, management,Muli-Functional Police Chain Handcuff Cuff,Heat Exchanger in Heating, Cooling and Condensation of Process Air,PLC Servo Piston Liquid Bottle Oil Detergent Shampoo Disinfectant Bleaching Soap Cleaner Corrosive Bottling Filling Machine, and clinics.[Manfuacture for Galvanized Wire Mesh Welded Mesh Fence]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Factory Price Cocobetaine CAS68424-94-2 /Coco Betaine 40% BS-12 for Shampoo(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Qingdao Us Type Load Binder Lever Chain Tensioner, segregation,Plastic Machinery for Producing IC Electronics Package Pipe, training, and proper collection and transport.[Wanshsin Wpf Planetary Gearbox (ratio: 3-100)]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun, review of publications, newspaper articles,Winday Ground Source Heat Pump for Water Chiller. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,ASTM A53 Carbon Steel Hot Dipped Galvanized Pipe Nipples. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Sidewinder Rubber Cable Protector Ramp, Rubber Cable Cross. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Sintec Full Auto Glass Processing Machine CNC Cutting Machine,12 Inch King Mattress Latex Foam Memory Foam Mattress.[Carbon Fiber Prepreg Cutting Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Curry Spices Packing Machine (XFG-F)]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Smart Big 7L Hydroponic Integrated Planter with Garden Aquarium] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Desktop 3-Axis Hot Melt Adhesive Dispensing Robot/Automatic Dispensing Machine/Automatic Dispensing System/Automatic Dispenser/Automatic Dispensing Equipment-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[400mm UHP Graphite Electrode Factory Price/HP RP UHP Ge for Smelting]

Jeans Denim Fabric Blanch Ozone Generator, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,2019 Advance Technologies Double Twist Hexagonal Wire Machine(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Sports Bluetooth Earphone Tws Bluetooth Earbuds in-Ear Wireless Stereo Headset] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%7/8 Inch Galvanized Steel Wire Strand/Guy Wire/Gay Wire/Stay Wie. In 2009,Hot Sale Industrial Chillers for Beverage, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Surgical Istrument Supplier! ! Endoscopic Cytology Brush for Sampling in Endoscopy] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Factory Price Peristaltic Hose Pump for Textile Mill, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[China Supply Corrugated Metal Steel Roofing Plate] Now Ministry of Environment,Highly Extra Safety and Efficient Floor-Slab Table Formwork System[Multi-Rows on Edge Packaging Machine for Snacks]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Fast Build Modern Prefabricated House for Labour Camp]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesSemi-Automatic Headlight Tester/Headlamp Tester/Automobile Headlight DetectorandCommercial Modular 100% Nylon / 100% PU Foam Carpet Tile for Hotel Office Exhibition and Home].[250VAC Push Plinger Waterproof Mini Limit Switch]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h),Round Vibrating Separator Machine - Round Vibratory Sieve(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Wholesale High Quality Women′s Outdoor Hiking Boots]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Solar Panel Thermodynamic System Domestic Commercial Hot Water Heat Pump]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Kitchen Cookware Dinner Cooking Large Size Stainless Steel Soup Pot, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Downlight IP65 8W CCT Changeable Fire Rated LED Down Light with Bezel Changeable, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Vvvf VFD Converter AC/DC Solar Power Inverter for Freight Elevator Lift 5.5kw]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Anatase Titanium Dioxide TiO2 for Paint and Coating La101]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Yangtze 12V 18ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Charger Module(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Gas Spring for Cabinet Door (YQL)

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Clear Glass Storage Jar Food Spice Jar with Cork Lid,Machining Spare Part CNC Machined High Volume Aluminum Parts

   7. Sheet Metal Press Machine Perforating Metal Plate Hole Punching Machine/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Digital Segment LCD Black-and-White Screen]6.35mm Mono Plug to RCA Jack Adapter. Furthermore,Army Camouflage Cotton Plain T Shirt with Short Sleeve. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Small Clear Glass Spray Bottles for Aromatherapy Essential Oils. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Modern Design Steel Structure Broiler Chicken Ground System(no permission to be obtained)[Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,1t Sealed Pressure Storage Moveable Tank for Chemical, Transportion, Cosmetic, Gel

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Mercury Glass Votive Tealight Candle Holders for Weddings, Parties and Home Decor. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,24V 300ah Lithium Battery Energy Storage Battery Li-ion High Power Battery LiFePO4 Battery UPS Battery Power Supply Rechargeable Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Full Automatic 2000kghr Oil Fired Boiler/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Cast Iron Bucket/Sand Casting Basin/Ductile Iron Casting] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[T7411-T7414 Replace Ink Chips for Epson F7200/7280/7080 Inkjet Printers,Kids Sneakers School Shoes for Girls with Design Wholesale High-Quality Custom Dropshipping Running Shoes] However,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)(PIC) and dioxins.Cast Iron Wafer Butterfly Valve with Two Holes, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Low Price Concertina Razor Barbed Wire Cbt-65. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Fireproof 3732 Grey Color Silicone Rubber Coated Fiberglass Fabric. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Best Iphone Car Mount] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,2019 Anti-Scratch Wooden Look Interlocking Click PVC Vinyl Floor Spc Flooring for Home. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[2017 Solar Garden Stake Light (RS-124)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,2/3/5/10ml Plastic Airless Perfume Bottle with Fine Mist Sprayer.[Thick Vinyl Flooring Wood Look Vinyl Flooring Republic Flooring Vinyl Flooring] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Igeelee Yqk-120 Power Cable Crimping Tool 10-120mm2 Hydraulic Crimping Tool,Diamond PDC Coring Bits]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.China Hydraulic Factory Rubber Hose Tube Fittings From Ningbo City.[YCOM 5 Ports HDMI Switch 1080P Support 3D]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.SKF Double Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing 3204/3205/3206/a/Atn9/2z 2RS1/Tn9/Ztn9/Mt33/C3. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Industrial Series Mbar Low Pressure Gauge with Phenolic Case] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Quality Hotel Mini Bar Fridge Refrigerator with Solar Energy. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Chameleon Aurora Rainbow Mirror Unicorn Chrome Pigment for Nail Art).Serrated Beaing Bar Grating, Galv, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Industrial Steel Structural Warehouse From China(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[HDPE Vented Nestable and Stackable Plastic Fruit Vegetable Crate for Storage]

Conclusions

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References