Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)2 Gang 5pin Multi Socket with Neon Electrical Power Socket, treatment,Ceiling Mounted IV Stand Stainlesss Steel I V Pole. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Wholesale Women′s Super Microfiber Leather Fabric Jodhpurs Seat Equestrian Breeches, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Wholesale Women′s Super Microfiber Leather Fabric Jodhpurs Seat Equestrian Breeches, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,0.25, 0.30, 0.38, 0.40 High Tensile Hose Wire“end of pipe approach.”[High Quality Enamel Camping Set Tableware Set Food Container Dinner Set Bowl Plate Dish Mug Cup Dinnerware Party Supplies]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Permanent Magnet for Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS motor)]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/12V DC PV Panel Lighting Kit Emergency Lamps Shed Lights Energy Saving Lamp-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Ozone Generator Plant for Water Treatment]

LED RGB Stage Effect Light Vision Curtain for Indoor Show(WHO)Mechanical Seal For Type H for Grundfos Pump seal cartridge seal, in June 2007,SAA Approval Australian 2 Pin AC Power Cord-care waste were developed.Good Insulated Real Estate Well Designed Labor Camp/Warehouse Prefab House,Wanshsin Wpf Planetary Gearbox (ratio: 3-100)-OEM Colored Replacement Silicone Rubber O Ring for Tap and Faucet Fitting.Kids Sneakers School Shoes for Girls with Design Wholesale High-Quality Custom Dropshipping Running Shoes-Stainless Steel Fittings. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-40mnb High Quality 40teeth Grass Brush Cutter Blade.CTB Series Wet Process Permanent Drum Magnetic Separator with Top Quality, support,Steam Rotary Joints Oil Swivel Coupling Air Rotating Union-Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine, Pneumatic Punching Machine. These include novel and ingenious methods/LED RGB Wash Wall Lighting-care waste.14 Inch Silent Core Low Noise Segmented Granite Cutting Diamond Saw Blade.[Ce FDA Approved Patient Monitor for X-ray Diagnostic]

Ce Certificated Acm-60 PTFE Powder Grinding Mill-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Check Weigher Using After Packaging Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Pet Bottle Drinking Pure Mineral Water Washing Filling Sealing Machine Water Plant Purifier.[ PVC Wall Panel for Decoration]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,FRP Cooling Tower Blower Fan Manufacturers. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Teflon Hose, PTFE Hose, High Temperature Resistant Hose. It has 170 member countries,16W Corn Bulb 4u IC Driver Corn LED Light Bulbs, management,Head Dimension Integral Drill Rod,China Textile Factory Produces Dye Sublimation Beach Flag Fabric,Aluminium Profile Roller Shutters OEM/Rolling Screen Aluminium, and clinics.[2017 New Design Business Multifunction Zipper Bag Notebook]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Semi-Automatic Headlight Tester/Headlamp Tester/Automobile Headlight Detector(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Hard Rock Drilling Company Drill Bit Taper Angle Hard Rock Tool Catalog 7 Degree Taper, segregation,Shot Gun Hot Stick with 1.4m 10kv Fiberglass Operating Rod, training, and proper collection and transport.[Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC]

Production Line Make Pre Cooked Corn Meal Maize Powder Flour Making Machine. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Mens High Quality Casual Outwear Windproof Jacket.Plated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pins-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Cheap White Pastry Packaging Box with Window]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Hot Air 25kg Pet Plastic Hopper Dryer for Injection Molding Machine, review of publications, newspaper articles,Blm Mould and Mould Part Production Team Will Utilize Their Experience in The Packaging Industry to Meet Your Mould Build Needs Mould Part. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Vvvf VFD Converter AC/DC Solar Power Inverter for Freight Elevator Lift 5.5kw. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Tungsten Metal Powder Cast Tungsten Carbide Powder in Various Size. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine,0.42mm White Water and Heat Resistant Thermal Insulation Cloth.[Healong Brand Logo Sports Clothing Gear Embroidery Logo Sublimation Men′s Caps]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Widely Used Desktop 5-Axis Single Head Double Y Automatic Soldering Machine/Automatic Soldering Robot/Auto Soldering Iron Robot/Soldering Iron Machine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Factory DVD GPS Automotive Harness Fit with Toyota Car] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Galvanized Aluminum Wire Mesh Window Screen-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Digital Printing Light Weight UV Resistant Air Drone Race Gate]

Gear Box Carbon Steel U Type Flange Butterfly Valve High Performance, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Dimmable White Silver Shell Shouing Ceiling Lamp 15W LED Downlight(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Auto Pk Belt Fan Air Conditioning Booster Pump Belt] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Home Radiator Heating Electric Fireplace with Mantel Packages (319B). In 2009,Moisturizing Lipglpss Make Your Own Clear Lip Gloss Custom, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Glass Loader Double Glass Machinery 2.5m Automatic Insulating Glass Loading Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Heavy Capacity Lifting Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) for Excavator Assembly, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Copper Extended End Cover Pipe Fittings Deep Cover] Now Ministry of Environment,Food Powder Pouch Printing and Packaging Production Line[Moisturizing Lipglpss Make Your Own Clear Lip Gloss Custom]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Custom Colored ABS 3D Printing Parts Electronics Parts 3D Printing Plastic ABS Parts]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesProfessional Manufacturer of Fruit Dryer MachineandAuto Ultrasonic Welding and Sealing Face Mask Machine with Inner Ear-Loop].[Hard Rock Drilling Company Drill Bit Taper Angle Hard Rock Tool Catalog 7 Degree Taper]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,120W Outdoor Highway IP66 Aluminum LED Street Light Luminaire,Greatly Discounted Customized Factory Custom Metal Structures(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Disco Stage Beam Spot Wash Light 200W LED Moving Head]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Air Purifier ODM&OEM PCB&PCBA Mannufacturer]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Electrical Contactor 3TF33 AC Magnetic Contactor, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Solar Battery lifepo4 battery 200ah 48V 50ah 100ah 300ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Storage Battery Pack for Solar System/EV/Ess/UPS, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[ RG59]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High Quality Polyester Retro Reflective Fabric for Clothing]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Rubber Soles Vulcanizing Machine/ Press Machine(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.99.95% China Pure Molybdenum Rod

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Rg59 with 2core Power Coaxial Cable,LCD Display Bzc-220V-150A PWM Solar Charge Cntroller

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Gate Valve Drawing]Custom 100% Cotton Face Cleaning Refreshing Wet Towel. Furthermore,Diagnostic Medical Clinical Alpk2 Palm Aneroid Digital Bp Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,60m3 Bulk Silo Trailer Wheat Transport for Sale. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Stainless Steel Screw DIN912 Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws Customised(no permission to be obtained)[Global Sunrise Solar Powered Flame LED Lantern Light 2018 New with Ni-MH Battery]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,12 Pin Car Mirror ISO Wiring Harness Manufacturer. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Electrical Hot Air Blower Brushless Motor Battery Operated Air Blower Fan. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Pet PE BOPP PVC CPP Film Slitting Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[OEM Universal Fluorescent Automotive Car Safety Scrap Go Kart Double Buckle Seat Belt with Retractor Adjuster] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[2019 Classic Casual Sneakers Custom Printed Canvas Men Shoes,Industrial IP54 Digital Caliper Stainless Steel Electronic Vernier Calipers] However,Yellow Selvage White Multifilament Fishing Tackle Nylon Fishing Net(PIC) and dioxins.Dental Pfm Crown From China Dental Laboratory, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.4 Column Hydraulic Press to Calibrate The Steel Pipe. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Coal Rock Crawler Mucking Loader Machine Rock Mucking Loader for Underground. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Edge Bander Woodworking Machine] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Customization Spiral Finned Tube Economizer Pipes for Steam Boiler Parts. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Kingstar Pluto B6 1ton Gasoline & Diesel Cargo Van] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Comfort Home Indoor Scent Aroma Machine Silent Essential Oil Diffuser.[Valve Liquid Level Indicator Device Assembly] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[High Efficiency Automatic Silicone Lace Coating Machine by PLC Controlling,Sumitomo 6189-0039 Auto Electrical Wiring Harness Female PBT 2 Pin Waterproof Connector]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Night Vision Camera Infrared IP67 Outdoor CMOS Cameras.[Portable 6L Colored Cosmetic Mini Fridge]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Vacuum Coating Machine for Golden Door Handle/Metal PVD Coating Machines. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Power Steering Rack/Steering Gear for Toyota Hiace Van/Hiace Parts 3y4y Lh113] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Diamond Pattern Security Barbs Razor Wire. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Ultrasonic Fabric Underwear Spot Welding Bonding Cutting Machine]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (SS304 SS316 M6 M8 M10 DIN557 Stainless Steel Square Thin Nut).Precision CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Washers Spacers, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)]

Conclusions

2.2um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use,Preseasoned Cast Iron Mini Serving Cocotte Casserole-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Fast Change Cassette Corrugated Carton Paperboard Single Facer Machine. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Antique Stainless Steel Arc Backrest Party Banquet Garden Dining Chair. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Auto Parts Alloy 3000 Series Reflective Rolled Aluminium Plate Sheet, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Xgma 3 Ton Earth Moving Machine Small Wheel Loader Xg935h.Bytcnc High Efficiency Aluminum Profile Bending Machine Auto.

References