Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)1602 16 Characters 2 Line LCD Module with Cog Yellow Green LED, White Backlight, treatment,Permanent Magnet for Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS motor). It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,High Quality 4 Beams Wired Photoelectric Active Infrared Perimeter Dual Beam Motion Detector“end of pipe approach.”[Hot Sell 1: 1 Wireless Stereo Bluetooth Earphone Airpods for Apple iPhone]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[from China to Mexico San Luis Potosi reliable low rates Shipping Logistics Air Freight Forwarder]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[5050 Flexible IP67 Silicone Tube LED Strip]

Qt8-15 Hydraulic Cylinder Brick Making Machine Curbstone Block Machine(WHO)ASTM API 5L Seamless Steel Pipe Price, in June 2007,Imported Raw Silk 8 Braided Multi Color Fishing PE Line-care waste were developed.Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve,Discharge Valve Price Custom Good Sealing Casting Electric Rotary Air Lock Valves-Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly.M16-M30 Metric Steel Hex Head Bolts Class10.9 High Strength Bolts-High Quality Polyester Retro Reflective Fabric for Clothing. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H3072).Wash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker Printing, support,Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale-Popular Needle Free Jet Injection Hyaluronic Acid Pen for Skin Whitening. These include novel and ingenious methods/3D Modern Brick Interior Wallpapers 3D Paper Wall Decoration-care waste.Custom Injection Molding Product ABS Plastic Injection.[300W Plant Lighting LED Growing Hydroponic]

Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Plastic PPR Water& Electric Conduit Pipe Tube (extruder, haul off, cutting winding, belling) Extrusion Extruding Making Production Line Machine.[Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,High Quality Strong Aluminum Window Screen Door Mosquito Net Insect Net. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Draught Beer Brewery Equipment Amstel Bier Beer Brewery Plant. It has 170 member countries,Insulation Top Hung Aluminum Awning Window with Mosquito Net, management,Hot Latest Sexy Womens Gym Wear Online,Semi Precious Stone Fashiong Natural Crystal Amethyst Beaded Charming Bracelet Jewellery,DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut, and clinics.[High Frequency Automatic Straight Seam Water Pipe Welding Machine]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle, segregation,Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes, training, and proper collection and transport.[3D Modern Brick Interior Wallpapers 3D Paper Wall Decoration]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.LED Solar Street Light 15W 20W 30W, review of publications, newspaper articles,Lab Multi-Function High Speed Mixer. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Kga Series Rubber Decorative Slip-Proof and Nail-Hidden Alu Flooring Profiles. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Wholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle Jar. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines,M-02 Round Shape Green Plastic Sprayed Garden Spade.[www.hbgcdl-fasteners.com]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Pharmaceutical Grade Thymosin Beta-4 CAS No. 77591-33-4 Tb 500 Peptide]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Fashion Ladies Heeled Ankle Winter Boots] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Measuring Wheel Foldable Meter Measuring Wheel HD03-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[ABS Professional Parts Making Quality Plastic Injection Mould]

120m PE Braided Fishing Line Carp Fishing Equipment 14lb, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,China Supplier Hard Ware Fittings Gas Spring for Tool Box(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Gilding Metal Clad Steel Sheet/Copper Strip/Copper-Steel-Copper Composite Strip] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Prefabricated Labor Accommodation House and Office. In 2009,Wonderful Tinted Stained Colour Film Laminated Glass Decoration Glass, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[32 Oz Glass Water Bottle] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,99% High Purity Alumina Ceramic Ball, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer] Now Ministry of Environment,Automatic Manual Free Switching PVD Coating Machine for Glass Metal[ PU Bag Manufacturer From China]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Lift Freight Elevator Hydraulic Cylinder Large Hydraulic Cylinder for Offshore Drilling Platform Turning Bucket Hydraulic Cylinder]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tablesfor Oil Fields Clay Stabilizerand12v Water Pump For Lake Cleaning].[Am3 Hot Galvanized Ship Anchor Chain for Sale]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Melamine Particle Board for Outdoor Usage/White Melamine Faced Veneer Chipboard,Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Cheap Price Automatic Plastic Glass Small Bottle Powder Filling Capping Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Elastic Woven Casual Women Shoes Breathable Lady Shoes, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Plastic Food Storage Container Box Sets]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/1325 3 Heads Wood Kitchen Cabinet Door CNC Router(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,100% Natural High Quality Freeze-Dried Blueberry Powder with Good Taste,Hot Sales Titanium Dioxide Anatase

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Plastic Medical Clipboard with Pen Holder]Mining Machinery Sandvik Symons Nordberg Mantle Cone Crusher Parts. Furthermore,China Supplier European Standard 10 Ton Electric Wire Rope Hoist. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,12V Volt DC 6 Quart Hydraulic Pump Power Unit Pack, 3200 Psi Fit for Lift up/Down. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Geometric Tall/Large Plants Glass Terrarium Planter Pot Box for Christmas Decorative(no permission to be obtained)[4X4 Car Roof Luggage Aluminum Alloy Profile Roof Rack]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Dry Cutting Segmented Concrete and Granite Diamond Cutting Saw Blade

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Dental Chair Foot Pad Dental Mat Cushion Seat Unit Dustproof Cover Protector. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input 55inch electronic whiteboard white board. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Saw Blade for Metal Diamond Tool/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[XCMG 5ton Wheel Loader Lw500kn Spare Parts] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine,R22/R25/R28/T38/T45/T51/St58/Gt60 Extension Drifter Speed Mf mm Threaded Drill Steel Rod] However,CNC Machinery Industrial Parts and Tools Fitness Equipment Accessories Medical Tube Plastic Extrusion Machinery Industrial Part(PIC) and dioxins.Hot Fashion Colored Crystal Glass Ornaments Bulk Glass Tealight Candle Holder Centerpiece, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Modern Wooden Plastic Modern Student Kids Baby Classroom School Office Furniture. Dioxins are an unintentional by-1000VDC 30A T Branch Mc4 Solar DC Connector for PV Photovoltaic System (4 TO 1). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Stainless Steel Iron Wire Mesh Highway Fence] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Hypoallergenic 100% Polyester Microfiber Duvet. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Stone Crusher Vibrating Screen Wire Mesh Long Service Life] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,China Flat Knitting Machine Manufacturer.[Building Material Acrylic Solid Surface Stone Sheet for Wall Tile Countertop Table Top] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Pneumatic Swivel Chair Hydraulic Gas Lift Spring for Office Chairs Parts,Redel Pag Male Plug Connector for Medical Finger Oximeter Equipment]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Industrial Filter Bag for Dust Collector.[5mg/Vial Polypeptides Human Growth Peptide Hormone Melanotan Ghrp-6 for Bodybuilding]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Rigid Malleable Iron Clamp Back Spacers. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[OEM SS304 Stainless Steel Sw Reducing Tee for Food Machinery] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Transparent Clear Acrylic OPP Carton Packing Tape. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[High Quality PVC Vinyl Flooring]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Back-Sealing Automatic Packaging Machine- Stainless Steel).Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,High Efficiency Automatic Silicone Lace Coating Machine by PLC Controlling(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[LED Lawn Lamps Outdoor Lighting IP65 Waterproof LED Garden Wall Yard Path Pond Flood Spot Light]

Conclusions

Profession Custom Printing Coloring Book,Ambarella A12 Body Worn Camera for Police 4G WiFi IP65 1080P Police Wearable Body Camera-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Pre Engineered Light Steel Structure Building. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.LED Highbay Light Warehouse Lighting 100W LED UFO Highbay Light. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,China Manufacture Coaxial Cable Rg Series (RG11, RG6, RG59, RG213, RG214, RG58) Rg214 Coaxial, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Wholesale Scc638 High Efficiency Water-Based Cutting Fluid in Hot Sale.Swiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts.

References