Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Mount Outdoor LED Lighting Street Lighting Luminaires, treatment,X (S) N-150/30 China Lanhang Rubber Mixing Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Best Selling Soccer Training Practice Rebound Net (568), recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Best Selling Soccer Training Practice Rebound Net (568), reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Widely Used Desktop 5-Axis Single Head Double Y Automatic Soldering Machine/Automatic Soldering Robot/Auto Soldering Iron Robot/Soldering Iron Machine“end of pipe approach.”[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Saw Blade for Metal Diamond Tool]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[China Custom Modern Grey Kitchen Cabinets Guangzhou]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/LED Bracelet Silicone Bracelet for Parties Vocal Concert and Events-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Hammer Repair Kit]

Disc for Cutting Concrete(WHO)Copper Extended End Cover Pipe Fittings Deep Cover, in June 2007,OEM Custom Gravity Casting Parts Stainless Steel Aluminum Cooking Pot-care waste were developed.4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi,ABS Professional Parts Making Quality Plastic Injection Mould-Wholesale Adjustable Knee Brace with Springs.High Quality PU/TPU Tape for Garment-6mm DIY Grinding Electric Die Grinder Tools (DG004). In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Cast Iron Cookware Casserole Pot/Enamel Coating Cast Iron Cookware.New Design 100kVA 6 Cylinder Jet Power Low Noise Generator Price, support,Agricultual Hand Sprayer/Garden Hand Sprayer /Home Hand Sprayer (TF-01F)-Custom Food Grade PVC Tube PVC Vacuum Hose. These include novel and ingenious methods/Strong Sintered N35 NdFeB Motor Magnet Rare Earth Permanent Magnet-care waste.Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Construction Industry.[nbzkls.com]

Yto 3 Ton Diesel Forklift Cpcd30A1-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,304L Bright Stainless Steel Pipe Made in China-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates.[ 6m]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)High Quality Pet Mould for Bottle(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.DIY Plastic Window Insect Screen for Various of Windows, segregation,Customized White Kraft Paper Sacks with PP Woven Fabric Coated Sewing Bottom Kraft Paper Bags, Charcoal Bag, training, and proper collection and transport.[Wholesale China Crystal Round Self Adhesive Sexy Nipple Cover Woman]

Rental Series P5 SMD Outdoor Full Color Display LED Screen. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Vacuum Filter for Laboratory Suction Filtration.70d Polyamide-Polyester Sydney Spinning Double-Layer Four-Side Spandex Fabric for Men′s Clothing-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[4 Spindles Fully Automatic Non Stop Rewinding Machine]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Custom Jewellery 925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Diamond Stud Earrings, review of publications, newspaper articles,Interior Floating Glass Straight Staircase with Frameless Glass Railing. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,China, Melhor Qualidade, Vitamina C, Soro, Acido Hialuronico, 10 Ml. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Laser Cutting Custom Clothing Garment Damask Woven Label. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,4-20mA Output Digital Magnetic Sewage Flow Meter,Wood Working CNC Router Machine Ace 1325 1530 2030 2040.[240 Leds Per Meter 3528 Led Strip Light]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Army Camouflage Cotton Plain T Shirt with Short Sleeve]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Fiberglass Deck GRP Deck] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Dual Fire Oil Burner with Good Performance-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[ Bag Closure]

Clear Glass Mineral Water Bottle/ Water Glass Bottle, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,1616590483 Oil Free Air Compressor Head for Atlas Copco Rotor(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Packaging Machine Automatic Weighing Filling Machine (AH-FJJ 100/300/500)] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Nomex Belt for Aluminum Extrusion. In 2009,Sightseeing Outside Lift Elevator 6 Person Size, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[chinapucornice] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Hky Automatic Steel C Purlin Roll Forming Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,Laundry Extracting Machine/ Hydro Extractor for Gloves (SS75)[Best Electric Ce&ISO Approved Dental Chair Dentist Tools List/Buy Dental Equipment Used/Old Dental Equipment]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [ Sugar]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesTassel and Cross Pendant Earrings Charming 925 Silver EarringsandColored Heat Resistant Waterproofing Color Painted Aluminum Alloy Foil].[Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW)]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,C130L Hog Ring Gun for Cabin, Bag Closure,Different Size Free Sample Biodegradable Paper Guava Bags for Fruits Against Insects(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Drum / Roll Permanent Magnetic Particle Separator Equipment for Mining]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Wholesale Aluminum Outdoor Stake Solar LED Lawn Light]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Biodegradable PLA Film for Food /Fruit Packaging, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. (Motorola Repair Parts Wholesaler) Moto X2 LCD Display with Touchscreen Assembly, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[400mm UHP Graphite Electrode with Nipples for Smelting]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Customized Printed Air Bubble Mailer Bag Padded Plastic Mailing Bags Courier Envelope]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Plastic Backing Nonwoven Polishing Disc(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Transtones Artificial Stone Guangzhou Material Wall Panels

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Swivel Chair Parts Adjustable Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring for Chair,OEM Packaging Machine Manufacturer Automatic Triangle Bag Packing Machine

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Hotel & Resorts Cotton Waffle Bathrobe with Customized Logo]R22/R25/R28/T38/T45/T51/St58/Gt60 Extension Drifter Speed Mf mm Threaded Drill Steel Rod. Furthermore,Metal Nameplate Laser Etching Machine Fibre Laser Marking. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Factory DVD GPS Automotive Harness Fit with Toyota Car. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Outdoor Garden Patio Furniture Rattan Lounge Sitting Room Pool Sofa Set(no permission to be obtained)[Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Strong Custom Magic Cleaning Kitchen Sponge for Washing Dishes

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Hydraulic Tipping Mini Dumper 500kgs Used for Farm Work or Construction Works, with Gasoline Motor All-Terrain Vehicle Crawler ED300b. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,950 Mechanical Seal Water Pump Mechanical Seal. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Jaws End Us Type Drop Forged Turnbuckle Rigging/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[ Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Construction Industry] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube,2~3 Cm Natural Long Lasting Decorative Flower Roses for Christmas Gifts & Crafts] However,Packaging Machine Automatic Weighing Filling Machine (AH-FJJ 100/300/500)(PIC) and dioxins.Stock! ! Silica Gel Orange Beads 2-4mm for Moisture Adsorption, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Acrylic Non-Woven Fabric for Dust Collection Filter Bag. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Trending Fashionable Wool Multi Color Felt Tote Shopping Ladies Handbag. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Cast Iron Black Floor Flange] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,OEM SS304 Stainless Steel Sw Reducing Tee for Food Machinery. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Decorative Stainless Steel 304 Ss Pipe Supplier] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Sj-65 Steel Pipe Plastic Coated Machinery Extruder.[Fast Delivery Custom Made Softcover Book Printing] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[8 Kyocera 220sqm/H Blanket Woven Knitted Fabric Digital Textile Belt Printer,Bigger Volume Air Bag Dust Collector]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Diamond Multi-Wire for Granite Slab Cutting/Diamond Wire for Granite Squaring.[/ Injection Moulding]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Lithium Battery Power All in One 40W Integrated Solar LED Street Light. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Lead Acid Battery Front Terminal 12V 105ah Maintenance Free] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,MPO Sm Adaptor. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Pet and PP Geobag with UV High Strength Thermal]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film).Custom Made Acrylic Elastic Knit Headbands, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,3 Arms Acrylic Crystal Tea Light Candle Holder Candelabra for Wedding(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[120W Outdoor Highway IP66 Aluminum LED Street Light Luminaire]

Conclusions

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References