Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Portable Soft Wall Cleanroom Booth, treatment,Pneumatic Low-Noise Cage Type Control Valve. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Industrial IP54 Digital Caliper Stainless Steel Electronic Vernier Calipers, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Industrial IP54 Digital Caliper Stainless Steel Electronic Vernier Calipers, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Mini Pocket Sprayer Card Spray Liquid Perfume Dispenser Bottle“end of pipe approach.”[Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW)]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[AMS-Tde-04 Snow Fat Tire 350W Electric Bike/Ebike/Electric Bicycle]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Quality LC1d-95 3p Motor Protective Electrical Contactor-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[ASTM A53 Carbon Steel Hot Dipped Galvanized Pipe Nipples]

Pet and PP Geobag with UV High Strength Thermal(WHO)ASTM&TUV Standard Trampoline Park Bungee Harness for Sale, in June 2007,0.6m 20W Modern Commercial Indoor LED Linear Trunking Tube Lighting-care waste were developed.45t Single Drum Hydraulic Tugger Marine Winch,Kingstar Pluto B6 1ton Gasoline & Diesel Cargo Van-High Quality Stn Type Monochrome COB Type Touch Screen for Gas Flowmeter.Sally 1000X600X35mm Horizontal Bathroom Makeup Dressing Glass LED Mirror with Silver Coated-IPS Panel Camera Mount 5.7 Inch TFT LCD. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Trendy Car Shape Cute Kids Trolley School Bags.2018 Lf-Xg50 Paper Straw Making Machine, support,Gilding Metal Clad Steel Sheet/Copper Strip/Copper-Steel-Copper Composite Strip-Gonsin Tl-Vqcb5500 Armrest Conference Microphone for Auditorium. These include novel and ingenious methods/1u Blank Rack Mount Panel Spacer for 19-Inch Server Network Rack Enclosure-care waste.Dental Supply Silicone Rubber Polisher for Prosthetic and Orthodontic Acrylics.[m.sdjtec.com]

Centrifugal Slurry Pumps (NP-AH(R))-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Automatic Pillow Flow Type Egg Roll Packing Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Public TV Floor Stand Dual Screens 30-60 Landscape & Portrait.[Automatic Hard Candy Depositing Line (PLC Control)]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Stone Crusher Vibrating Screen Wire Mesh Long Service Life. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm. It has 170 member countries,Stainless Steel Barbecue Net BBQ Grill Grates Wire Mesh, management,Pneumatic Swivel Chair Hydraulic Gas Lift Spring for Office Chairs Parts,Semiconductor Peltier Air Conditioner with Heatsink,ISO Approved Self-Cleaning Permanent Belt Magnetic Iron Ore Separator, and clinics.[Drum / Roll Permanent Magnetic Particle Separator Equipment for Mining]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)8.5 Inch Xiaomi M365 Long Range Folding Electric Scooter(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.China Supply Corrugated Metal Steel Roofing Plate, segregation,OE. 55020-06j00 Auto Parts Rear Coil Spring for Patrol Gr I (Y60, GR), training, and proper collection and transport.[Wholesale Aluminum Outdoor Stake Solar LED Lawn Light]

Stainless Steel Crimped Wire Mesh. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Am3 Hot Galvanized Ship Anchor Chain for Sale.8 Kyocera 220sqm/H Blanket Woven Knitted Fabric Digital Textile Belt Printer-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[400mm UHP Graphite Electrode with Nipples for Smelting]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Packing Box Plastic Moving Tote Bins with Lid, review of publications, newspaper articles,Motorcycle Front/Rear Turn Signals Lm-321 E4 CCC Certification. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Climatic Cycling Stability Testing Chamber Temperature Humidity Cabinet. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Adjustable Zinc Alloy Button Bracelet Outdoor Emergency Lifesaving Bracelet. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Chili Powder Pouch Packing Machine,Plastic Food Storage Container Box Sets.[Smart Light Bulbs Factory & Manufacturer]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Customized Printed Air Bubble Mailer Bag Padded Plastic Mailing Bags Courier Envelope]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Hot Sale Women Grey Materntiy Longline Hoodies Wholesale Factory-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[ Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Construction Industry]

Manual Lever Hoist From 0.75ton to 9ton, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Good Quality Metal Hoist Hook(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Shandong Used Mini Excavator Hydraulic Pump Low Prices in Dubai. In 2009,Sticky Backed Fastener Self Adhesive Hook & Loop Strap, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[OEM Supply Air Ride Suspension Kits For 2213208013 2213207813 - HR30 - Zhuohui] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Plastic Mould Injection Molding Dongguan Manufacturers, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[2~3 Cm Natural Long Lasting Decorative Flower Roses for Christmas Gifts & Crafts] Now Ministry of Environment,Laser Cutting Acrylic Sheet 1220X2440mm 3mm, 5mm, 8mm Acrylic[Decorative Stainless Steel 304 Ss Pipe Supplier]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Fast Delivery Custom Made Softcover Book Printing]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables8 Kyocera 220sqm/H Blanket Woven Knitted Fabric Digital Textile Belt PrinterandDildoes].[Bigger Volume Air Bag Dust Collector]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Ss Threaded/Flanged/Floating Full Port/Reduce Port Ball Valve,Complete Full Automatic Pure Mineral Still Drinking Water Filling Line(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Personal Design Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Metal Pin Badge with Gold Plating Custom Branded Nickle Plated Pin Badges (288)]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Plated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pins]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Bigger Volume Air Bag Dust Collector, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Die Casting Aluminum P2 P2.5 P3 P4 LED Screen Signboard, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[High Quality Prepayment Energy Meter 12 Volt DC Latching Relays 24V DC Magnetic Contactor Relays]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Unique Die Cut Coloring Hard Cover Kids Board Comic Alarm Clock Book Printing China]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Water Purification Equipment Filters Pleated Water Filter 20 Inches for Industrial Liquids Filtration(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Air Purifier ODM&OEM PCB&PCBA Mannufacturer

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Screen Plate / Wedge Wire Screen Piece/ Welded Metal Wire Mesh Panel,320HP Shantui Bulldozer SD32D Desert Type Bulldozer Part Komatsu

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Large Size Outdoor Store Front Signs Advertising Billboard]UHP 400 Graphite Electrode for Steel Mill a Right Price. Furthermore,Dental Supplier Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,16 Inch Tower Mount Reversible Oscillating Hanging Wall Fan. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Hot Stamping Film PVC Ceiling Panel, Customized Size, PVC Wall Panel for Decoration(no permission to be obtained)[Humizone Ultra Potassium Humate Leonardite Source Foliar Fertilizer]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Crochet Thread Yellow Textile Sewing Cotton Embroidery Thread for Bracelet

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,High Precision High Hardness CNC Milling Cutter 3 Flute Square Solid Carbide Tungsten End Mill Cutting Tools for Stainless Steel. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,99.95% Pure Molybdenum/Tungsten Hot Zone for Sapphire Growing Furnace. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Aluminum Alloy Wheel for Car with 5 Holes for BMW/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[24V 300ah Lithium Battery Energy Storage Battery Li-ion High Power Battery LiFePO4 Battery UPS Battery Power Supply Rechargeable Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Egg Table Lamp Rechargeable Table Lamp Color Change Decoration Lamp,China Hydraulic Factory Rubber Hose Tube Fittings From Ningbo City] However,Two Flat Pin South America Plug (Y058)(PIC) and dioxins.High Efficiency Label Ribbons Calender Machine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Wholesale Plating Silver Finish Aluminum 6061/Stainless Steel Stamping Metal Parts. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Fashion Design Bhs Shaft End Seal for Concrete Mixer. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[qj-ec.com] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[3000K 28 in. L X 39 in W Hotel Bathroom Single Wall LED Lighted Mirror with Defogger] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,48kw/60kVA Soundproof Power Moveable Diesel Generator Set.[2 Gang 5pin Multi Socket with Neon Electrical Power Socket] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Anti-Slip TPU or PVC Tactile Indicator Paving Tile,Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.5050 Flexible IP67 Silicone Tube LED Strip.[Frosted Glass Cosmetic Cream Jar and Glass Bottle]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Factory Price New Type Fast Connector Fac Sc Upc Fast Connector. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[SKF Double Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing 3204/3205/3206/a/Atn9/2z 2RS1/Tn9/Ztn9/Mt33/C3] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Top Quality Glutamate Sodium with High Purity. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[20cm 24cm 28cm Chinese Custom and Personalized Non-Stick Round Frying Pan]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Terracotta ASA Coated PVC Roofing Tile for Villa).1602 16 Characters 2 Line LCD Module with Cog Yellow Green LED, White Backlight, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Permanent Magnet for Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS motor)(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[10-120mm2 Cable Terminal Applicator for Crimping Machine Hydraulic Terminal Machine]

Conclusions

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References