Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube, treatment,14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Digital Smart Sensor Body No Contact Infrared Radiation Thermometer“end of pipe approach.”[Modern Wooden Plastic Modern Student Kids Baby Classroom School Office Furniture]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Soccer Fans′ Horn/ World Cup Horn with Customized Logo]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Quality Enamel Camping Set Tableware Set Food Container Dinner Set Bowl Plate Dish Mug Cup Dinnerware Party Supplies-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Cooking Oil Filter Machine Australia Edible Oil Filter Press]

Humizone Ultra Potassium Humate Leonardite Source Foliar Fertilizer(WHO)Modern Green 4 Person Cross Workstation with File Cabinet (CAS-W31456), in June 2007,OEM CNC Machine Aluminum and ABS Mock up Prototypes-care waste were developed.Plastic Moldstamping Mould,Molding,Tooling for Air Machine ,Water Heater,Cooler,Cooling,Air Conditiner,Refrigerator,Washing Machine,TV,LED,Lighting,Auto Parts,,Advertising Exhibition Floor Metal Frame Display Rack Banner Poster Stand-Hot Sale Supermarket Chiller Supermarket Cooler with Ce Certificate.Machine to Make Disposable Plates-Abelly 6.3m All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Medical Hospital Equipment Hydraulic Electric Hoist Lifts.High Quality 304 316 Bsp Threaded Stainless Steel Reducing Tee, support,Manufacturer Digitaizer Mobile Phone LCD for iPhone 6s LCD-BDS Digital Compass Military Marking Thermal Imaging Fusion Night Vision. These include novel and ingenious methods/High Purity Magnesium Ingot 99.99%, Factory Sale Metal Magnesium Ingots Price-care waste.Aluminum Alloy Die Casting for Window/Door Hardware/Hinge (STK-ADC-167).[Dengue Test Factory OEM/ODM Products]

500mm Coil Diameter Hot-Dipped Galvanized Concertina Flat Wrap Razor Wire-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Dual Head Medical Aluminum Stethoscope for Child-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Best Price Food Grade Citric Acid Monohydrate.[Aluminum Foil Coffee Food Snack Bean Packing Bag with Gusset]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Finks 41 Inch Spruce Sapele Folk & Acoustic Guitar Many Colors. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Ultrasonic Laminating / Embossing / Welding Clvnv-012. It has 170 member countries,High Quality Softcover School Graduation Book Printing, management,Disposable Plastic 28g Twist Blood Lancet,Digital Printing Light Weight UV Resistant Air Drone Race Gate,First-Class DIP Soldering Machine for PCBA Production Line, and clinics.[Competitive Price Diesel Self Loading Mobile Mixer Truck Cummins Engine for Sale]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Outdoor Portable Insulated Thermal Tote Cooler Bag for Lunch(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Rubber Compound Two Roll Mill, Two Roll Mixing Mill, segregation,Good Quality Wall-Mounted Ozone Generator with 10g/H Ozone, training, and proper collection and transport.[4mm Carbon Steel Metal Pipe Laser Cutting Machine Fiber 280W Rtj-1325m]

Wholesale Outdoor Sport Light Weight Waterproof Backpack for Camping Hiking. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Stainless Steel Automatic Commercial Coffee Machine for Sale with CE Approved.Wood Log Debarker and Rounding Machine-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Wood Working CNC Router Machine Ace 1325 1530 2030 2040]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Ultrasonic Fabric Underwear Spot Welding Bonding Cutting Machine, review of publications, newspaper articles,Micro DC Motor - Auto (Car) Windows Motor. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,5/16 Rubber Twin Welding Hose W. P 300psi. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Blackened Helical Large Damping Compression Spring for Medical Machinery Spring with ISO 19001 Certification (10*89*177*7.5). Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Optical Workstation Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-11),Cheap White Pastry Packaging Box with Window.[SMC Style Kjs Series Mini Type Pneumatic Fittings]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[High Intensity High Gradient Magnetic Roller Separator]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Pet Bottle Drinking Pure Mineral Water Washing Filling Sealing Machine Water Plant Purifier] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,ASTM A269 317 Seamless Coil Tubes Stainless Steel Pipe Manufacturer-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Custom Printed Adhesive Security Warranty Void Packing Seal Tape]

Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Unique Die Cut Coloring Hard Cover Kids Board Comic Alarm Clock Book Printing China(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Explosion-Proof Diaphragm Valve for Bag Filtert Since 1992] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Polyester Cup Holder with Customer Design Shape and Logo. In 2009,Sounda Printable Adhesive Black Back Car Wrap Vinyl Sticker Roll, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Anti-Bending Shackle] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Professional Manufacturer of Fruit Dryer Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Digital Smart Sensor Body No Contact Infrared Radiation Thermometer] Now Ministry of Environment,Low Pressure Industry Heatless Regenerative Adsorption Air Compressed Dryers (KRD-12WXF)[Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Epoxy Spring Snap Button]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesMount Outdoor LED Lighting Street Lighting LuminairesandContactor].[Children Clothes Summer Girls Frock Kids Fashion Dresses]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Plastic Mould Injection Molding Dongguan Manufacturers

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

4V420-15 Airtac Solenoid Valve

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Outdoor Bike Sports Silicone 600ml Folding Sports Water Bottle

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

Silk Hotel Oeko-Tex Quality Seamless Bed Linen Sheet Silk Bedding Set

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Sc Specification Electrical Tinned Copper Cable Terminal Lugs,Pan Base Graphite Felt(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Industrial Automatic Puff Snacks Electrical Frying Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Pet Supplies Non-Slip Stainless Steel Dog Drinking Water Food Bowl]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Automatic Hard Candy Depositing Line (PLC Control), CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Sea Water API 3lpe LSAW Line Pipe, API 5L Sawl Pipe, Grade B and X42 X52 Steel Pipe, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[All Cover CNC Fiber Laser Pipe Cutter Aluminum Plates Cutting Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Nomex Belt for Aluminum Extrusion]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Blue Light PVC Transparent Plastic Film Shower Curtain(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Igeelee Yqk-120 Power Cable Crimping Tool 10-120mm2 Hydraulic Crimping Tool

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Self Adhesive Reinforced Fiberglass Joint Drywall Tape, Fiberglass Anti Cracking Drywall Tape

   5. Crude Powder Mixer Machine in Pharmaceutical Industry

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,One-Piece Micro Needle RF System for Scar and Pregnancy Line Remover Beauty Machine,304, 316 Stainless Steel Slot Pipe for Glass Railing

   7. TCP/IP Network Poe 15W Active Wall Mount Speaker Waterproof/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Aerospace Component Machining]2016 Most Competitive Price of Calcium Chloride 74% 77% 94% 95%. Furthermore,Excellent Performance Ultrasound Bone Densitometer/ Trolley Ultrasound Machine Price. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Cups Plastic Container Custom Bento Box DC-16. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Mount Outdoor LED Lighting Street Lighting Luminaires(no permission to be obtained)[Lithium Battery Power All in One 40W Integrated Solar LED Street Light]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,X (S) N-150/30 China Lanhang Rubber Mixing Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Best Selling Soccer Training Practice Rebound Net (568). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Custom Food Grade PVC Tube PVC Vacuum Hose. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Strong Sintered N35 NdFeB Motor Magnet Rare Earth Permanent Magnet/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Heavy Capacity Lifting Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) for Excavator Assembly] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Ultrasonic Laminating / Embossing / Welding Clvnv-012,High Quality Factory Price Sterile Picc Puncture Start Kits] However,Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Construction Industry(PIC) and dioxins.Yto 3 Ton Diesel Forklift Cpcd30A1, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.304L Bright Stainless Steel Pipe Made in China. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Wagon Balance Load Cell] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Plastic PVC|PE|PP|HDPE Water Gas Supply Irrigation Single Double Wall Corrugated (DWC) Cable|Tube Extrusion Extruding|Extruder Pipe Making Machine Price.[Leather Tanning Agent BCS Basic Chrome Sulphate 24%-26%] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen,Portable Soft Wall Cleanroom Booth]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.OEM 0.1-4mm Coil Helical Compression Springs.[China Waterproof Goodlooking Sandwich Panel for Wall Decoration Wall Panel]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Multi Functional Professional Long Nose Plier. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Quality Student Desk for School Classroom Furniture. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Draught Beer Brewery Equipment Amstel Bier Beer Brewery Plant]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Icr18650 4400mAh 5000mAh 6000mAh 11.1V 3s2p Li-ion Battery Pack for Solar System).High Quality Pet Mould for Bottle, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,DIY Plastic Window Insect Screen for Various of Windows(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[ Galvanized Steel Grating. 404]

Conclusions

Nomex Belt for Aluminum Extrusion,Sightseeing Outside Lift Elevator 6 Person Size-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Hky Automatic Steel C Purlin Roll Forming Machine. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Laundry Extracting Machine/ Hydro Extractor for Gloves (SS75). The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,C130L Hog Ring Gun for Cabin, Bag Closure, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Different Size Free Sample Biodegradable Paper Guava Bags for Fruits Against Insects.Biodegradable PLA Film for Food /Fruit Packaging.

References