Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)1kw 1.5kw 2kw 5kw Wind-Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Power System DIY Solar Panel System, treatment,ATS-800 Automatic Centrifugal Dewatering Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Colorful Highly Pigmented Eyeshadow Palette, Makeup Palette Long Lasting Waterproof, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Colorful Highly Pigmented Eyeshadow Palette, Makeup Palette Long Lasting Waterproof, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,T7411-T7414 Replace Ink Chips for Epson F7200/7280/7080 Inkjet Printers“end of pipe approach.”[3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Customized High Performance Irregular Shape AlNiCo Magnet]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/MC4 Connector Male and Female, Mc4 Solar Panel Connector 30A 1000V for PV Cable 2.5/4/6mm Solar Panel Connect-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Shenzhen China Air Conditioner Universal PCBA]

2 Gang 5pin Multi Socket with Neon Electrical Power Socket(WHO)Ceiling Mounted IV Stand Stainlesss Steel I V Pole, in June 2007,Wholesale Women′s Super Microfiber Leather Fabric Jodhpurs Seat Equestrian Breeches-care waste were developed.0.25, 0.30, 0.38, 0.40 High Tensile Hose Wire,12V DC PV Panel Lighting Kit Emergency Lamps Shed Lights Energy Saving Lamp-LED RGB Stage Effect Light Vision Curtain for Indoor Show.Mechanical Seal For Type H for Grundfos Pump seal cartridge seal-SAA Approval Australian 2 Pin AC Power Cord. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Good Insulated Real Estate Well Designed Labor Camp/Warehouse Prefab House.Wanshsin Wpf Planetary Gearbox (ratio: 3-100), support,OEM Colored Replacement Silicone Rubber O Ring for Tap and Faucet Fitting-Kids Sneakers School Shoes for Girls with Design Wholesale High-Quality Custom Dropshipping Running Shoes. These include novel and ingenious methods/Stainless Steel Fittings-care waste.40mnb High Quality 40teeth Grass Brush Cutter Blade.[Automatic Lace Silicone Coating Machine (LX-ST03)]

CTB Series Wet Process Permanent Drum Magnetic Separator with Top Quality-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Steam Rotary Joints Oil Swivel Coupling Air Rotating Union-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine, Pneumatic Punching Machine.[China EPE Foam Plank Making Machine for India]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,LED RGB Wash Wall Lighting. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

14 Inch Silent Core Low Noise Segmented Granite Cutting Diamond Saw Blade. It has 170 member countries,Ce Certificated Acm-60 PTFE Powder Grinding Mill, management,Check Weigher Using After Packaging Machine,Pet Bottle Drinking Pure Mineral Water Washing Filling Sealing Machine Water Plant Purifier,FRP Cooling Tower Blower Fan Manufacturers, and clinics.[Full Automatic 2000kghr Oil Fired Boiler]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Teflon Hose, PTFE Hose, High Temperature Resistant Hose(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.16W Corn Bulb 4u IC Driver Corn LED Light Bulbs, segregation,Head Dimension Integral Drill Rod, training, and proper collection and transport.[Supermarket PVC Price Label Holder for Hook]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Hard Rock Drilling Company Drill Bit Taper Angle Hard Rock Tool Catalog 7 Degree Taper, review of publications, newspaper articles,Shot Gun Hot Stick with 1.4m 10kv Fiberglass Operating Rod. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Production Line Make Pre Cooked Corn Meal Maize Powder Flour Making Machine. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Mens High Quality Casual Outwear Windproof Jacket. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Plated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pins,Hot Air 25kg Pet Plastic Hopper Dryer for Injection Molding Machine.[Plastic Pelletizer Plastic Pelletizer Blades]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[HOWO 8X4 Heavy Tipper Truck 30t Dumper Dump Truck]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Gear Box Carbon Steel U Type Flange Butterfly Valve High Performance] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Blm Mould and Mould Part Production Team Will Utilize Their Experience in The Packaging Industry to Meet Your Mould Build Needs Mould Part-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Saw Blade for Metal Diamond Tool]

Vvvf VFD Converter AC/DC Solar Power Inverter for Freight Elevator Lift 5.5kw, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Tungsten Metal Powder Cast Tungsten Carbide Powder in Various Size(HCF) in India across 20 states.[China Custom Modern Grey Kitchen Cabinets Guangzhou] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine. In 2009,0.42mm White Water and Heat Resistant Thermal Insulation Cloth, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Amazing Good Quality Hot Sale in Argentina Gas 20 52cc Chainsaw with] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Galvanized Aluminum Wire Mesh Window Screen, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Hammer Repair Kit] Now Ministry of Environment,Gear Box Carbon Steel U Type Flange Butterfly Valve High Performance[ 6m]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Space-Saving Im1002 Magnetic Refrigerator Relay Used in Smart Grid Era]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesWholesale China Crystal Round Self Adhesive Sexy Nipple Cover WomanandIndustrial Grade General Purpose Titanium Dioxide Rutile/Anatase].[4 Spindles Fully Automatic Non Stop Rewinding Machine]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Dimmable White Silver Shell Shouing Ceiling Lamp 15W LED Downlight,Home Radiator Heating Electric Fireplace with Mantel Packages (319B)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Packaging Machine Automatic Weighing Filling Machine (AH-FJJ 100/300/500)]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Moisturizing Lipglpss Make Your Own Clear Lip Gloss Custom, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Heavy Capacity Lifting Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) for Excavator Assembly, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Best Electric Ce&ISO Approved Dental Chair Dentist Tools List/Buy Dental Equipment Used/Old Dental Equipment]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[ Sugar]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Food Powder Pouch Printing and Packaging Production Line(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.120W Outdoor Highway IP66 Aluminum LED Street Light Luminaire

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Solar Battery lifepo4 battery 200ah 48V 50ah 100ah 300ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Storage Battery Pack for Solar System/EV/Ess/UPS,Rubber Soles Vulcanizing Machine/ Press Machine

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Top Quality Abrasion-Resistant PVC Artificial Leather for Bedroom Furniture]Leather Tanning Agent BCS Basic Chrome Sulphate 24%-26%. Furthermore,Dn25 Approved Stainless Steel 304 Pneumatic Piston Angle Seat Valve. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Rg59 with 2core Power Coaxial Cable. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,LCD Display Bzc-220V-150A PWM Solar Charge Cntroller(no permission to be obtained)[Tassel and Cross Pendant Earrings Charming 925 Silver Earrings]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Custom 100% Cotton Face Cleaning Refreshing Wet Towel. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,10 Mode Remote Control Single Egg Vibrators 100% Waterproof Speed Jump Egg Love Ball Clitoris Stimulator Sex Toys for Women. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,2017 Solar Garden Stake Light (RS-124)/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW)] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[AMS-Tde-04 Snow Fat Tire 350W Electric Bike/Ebike/Electric Bicycle,ASTM A53 Carbon Steel Hot Dipped Galvanized Pipe Nipples] However,Four Colors Silicone Sex Toys Fox Tail Anal Plug(PIC) and dioxins.Clear Ampoules Made of Low Borosilicate Class and Glass Tubing, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.LED Outdoor 5m, 6m, 7m, 8m, 9m 10m Lighting Pole and 30W, 40W, 50W, 60W, 70W, 80W, 90W, 100W, 120W, 150W LED Solar Street Lamp. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Electrical Hot Air Blower Brushless Motor Battery Operated Air Blower Fan. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Tactical Waist Bag] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Pet PE BOPP PVC CPP Film Slitting Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Automatic Hard Candy Depositing Line (PLC Control)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Yellow Selvage White Multifilament Fishing Tackle Nylon Fishing Net.[Drum / Roll Permanent Magnetic Particle Separator Equipment for Mining] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Wholesale Aluminum Outdoor Stake Solar LED Lawn Light,400mm UHP Graphite Electrode with Nipples for Smelting]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Dental Pfm Crown From China Dental Laboratory.[HD Without Code Free Electronic Christmas Music Card with Lithium Battery]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.4 Column Hydraulic Press to Calibrate The Steel Pipe. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Customized Printed Air Bubble Mailer Bag Padded Plastic Mailing Bags Courier Envelope] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Coal Rock Crawler Mucking Loader Machine Rock Mucking Loader for Underground. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Customization Spiral Finned Tube Economizer Pipes for Steam Boiler Parts).Comfort Home Indoor Scent Aroma Machine Silent Essential Oil Diffuser, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Night Vision Camera Infrared IP67 Outdoor CMOS Cameras(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[ Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Construction Industry]

Conclusions

2018 New Wireless Bt Speaker with UHF Microphone Home KTV,Drum / Roll Permanent Magnetic Particle Separator Equipment for Mining-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Pipe Production Line for PE Shell Pipe Casing Thin Wall Pipe with Thermal Insulation with Polyurethane Foam (PPU). It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.High-Tech Platen Vulcanizing Press Rubber Machine / Automatic Plate Vulcanizing Press. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Breathable PU Coated Ripstop Taffeta 190t Polyester Fabric with Printed, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-2.2um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use.Preseasoned Cast Iron Mini Serving Cocotte Casserole.

References