Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Custom 100% Cotton Face Cleaning Refreshing Wet Towel, treatment,Diagnostic Medical Clinical Alpk2 Palm Aneroid Digital Bp Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,60m3 Bulk Silo Trailer Wheat Transport for Sale, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,60m3 Bulk Silo Trailer Wheat Transport for Sale, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Stainless Steel Screw DIN912 Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws Customised“end of pipe approach.”[DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Zl-300 Rotary Granulator with Meet GMP Standards]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[White Flake Calcium Chloride Dihydrate for Oil]

12 Pin Car Mirror ISO Wiring Harness Manufacturer(WHO)Potassium Humate Powder, Humic Acid Powder, in June 2007,Poultry House Chicken Feed Silo-care waste were developed.HD 1080P 4 Channel Car Mobile DVR with GPS, 3G/4G, WiFi,Secondary Stainless Steel Coil and Sheet-Free Sample Promotion Holographic E-Liquid Paper Box Package.White Flake Calcium Chloride Dihydrate for Oil-1000W 1500W 3 Meters Pipe Laser Cutter CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Metal Sheet. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-High Quality Cleaning Microfiber Magic Spin Mop with Mop Bucket.10 Mode Remote Control Single Egg Vibrators 100% Waterproof Speed Jump Egg Love Ball Clitoris Stimulator Sex Toys for Women, support,2017 Solar Garden Stake Light (RS-124)-Four Colors Silicone Sex Toys Fox Tail Anal Plug. These include novel and ingenious methods/Clear Ampoules Made of Low Borosilicate Class and Glass Tubing-care waste.LED Outdoor 5m, 6m, 7m, 8m, 9m 10m Lighting Pole and 30W, 40W, 50W, 60W, 70W, 80W, 90W, 100W, 120W, 150W LED Solar Street Lamp.[Ptp Table Swing Head 4 Axis Woodworking CNC Engraving Machine CNC Router Machine]

Electrical Hot Air Blower Brushless Motor Battery Operated Air Blower Fan-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Pet PE BOPP PVC CPP Film Slitting Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Yellow Selvage White Multifilament Fishing Tackle Nylon Fishing Net.[Acrylic Non-Woven Fabric for Dust Collection Filter Bag]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Dental Pfm Crown From China Dental Laboratory. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

4 Column Hydraulic Press to Calibrate The Steel Pipe. It has 170 member countries,Coal Rock Crawler Mucking Loader Machine Rock Mucking Loader for Underground, management,Customization Spiral Finned Tube Economizer Pipes for Steam Boiler Parts,Comfort Home Indoor Scent Aroma Machine Silent Essential Oil Diffuser,Night Vision Camera Infrared IP67 Outdoor CMOS Cameras, and clinics.[Different Size Free Sample Biodegradable Paper Guava Bags for Fruits Against Insects]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Vacuum Coating Machine for Golden Door Handle/Metal PVD Coating Machines(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Diamond Pattern Security Barbs Razor Wire, segregation,SS304 SS316 M6 M8 M10 DIN557 Stainless Steel Square Thin Nut, training, and proper collection and transport.[14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag]

Precision CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Washers Spacers. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask.Quality Fasteners Screws Bolt with Reasonable Price-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Best Price Clear Float Glass for Curtain Wall Glass]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Small Size Liquid Container with Cheap Price, review of publications, newspaper articles,Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Polycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE Flakes Crude Powder for Concrete. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.2~3 Cm Natural Long Lasting Decorative Flower Roses for Christmas Gifts & Crafts. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Cummins Diesel Engine Electric Silent Power Generation 16kw -1100kw,High Quality Prepayment Energy Meter 12 Volt DC Latching Relays 24V DC Magnetic Contactor Relays.[Pipe Fitting PTFE Gasket Seals Kit / Plastic Flange Gasket]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Downlight IP65 8W CCT Changeable Fire Rated LED Down Light with Bezel Changeable]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Lucky Key Necklace for Women] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,High Quality Electronic Circuit Boards PCBA / PCB Assembly-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[304L Bright Stainless Steel Pipe Made in China]

2018 New Wireless Bt Speaker with UHF Microphone Home KTV, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Drum / Roll Permanent Magnetic Particle Separator Equipment for Mining(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Winday Ground Source Heat Pump for Water Chiller] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Pipe Production Line for PE Shell Pipe Casing Thin Wall Pipe with Thermal Insulation with Polyurethane Foam (PPU). In 2009,High-Tech Platen Vulcanizing Press Rubber Machine / Automatic Plate Vulcanizing Press, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Zebra Blinds Fabric Shop] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Breathable PU Coated Ripstop Taffeta 190t Polyester Fabric with Printed, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Nonstick Preseasoned Cast Iron Steak Grill Pan Dia 11 Inch] Now Ministry of Environment,2.2um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use[Iron Stainless Steel Coil Nails Screw Shank for Pallet]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Plastic Extruder Machine 16mm-800mm Water Conduit Drainage PVC Pipe Extrusion Line]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesDimmable White Silver Shell Shouing Ceiling Lamp 15W LED DownlightandMachined Aluminum Plate].[Dg203 Medical Equipment Battery Power Home Using Electric Mobile Patient Transfer Lift]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Preseasoned Cast Iron Mini Serving Cocotte Casserole,Fast Change Cassette Corrugated Carton Paperboard Single Facer Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Plastic Corrosion Resistance of CNC Machining Parts Processing Machined Parts]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Antique Stainless Steel Arc Backrest Party Banquet Garden Dining Chair, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Auto Parts Alloy 3000 Series Reflective Rolled Aluminium Plate Sheet, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Outdoor Full Printed Folding Gazebo Canopy Tent for Promotion Event]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Automotive Industry Machine by Sonic Welding Equipment]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Xgma 3 Ton Earth Moving Machine Small Wheel Loader Xg935h(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Bytcnc High Efficiency Aluminum Profile Bending Machine Auto

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   5. Valve Liquid Level Indicator Device Assembly

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,17 X 15 Mesh Fiberglass Window Screen / Fly/Insect /Mosquito Mesh,Squeegee Blade

   7. for Oil Fields Clay Stabilizer/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[KC005 New Wood Print Aroma Diffuser for Office]Galvanized Steel Coil (GI) , PPGI PPGL Ppal Writing Board. Furthermore,Women Fashion Winter V Neck Long Sleeve Clothes. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Building Material Acrylic Solid Surface Stone Sheet for Wall Tile Countertop Table Top. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Electronic Parts Plastic Injection Product Prototype for Heater(no permission to be obtained)[Diamond Circular Granite Saw Blades for Masonry Cutting]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Farm Storage Steel Structure Building

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Mini Metal Cheap CNC Plasma Cutting Machine. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Fiber Optic DWDM 100g Mux/Demux Module. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,High Efficiency Multi-Function Disposable Plastic Cutlery for Napkin Knife Fork Spoon Pepper Salt Packing Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[HDMI Cable Support 3D 4K and 2160p High Speed HDMI Cable with Ethernet] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[One-Piece Micro Needle RF System for Scar and Pregnancy Line Remover Beauty Machine,Biodegradable Disposible Straw Pulp Food Box Ppp-1007] However,Vibratory Deburring Bowls Tumbler with Sound Enclosure(PIC) and dioxins.5kVA Air Cooled Silent Diesel Portable Generator, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.High Quality Custom Logo Leather Hardcover A5 Notebook New 2018 Personal Journals Wholesale Diary Paper notebook. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Girls Bling Mini Travel Backpack Kids Children School Bag Satchel Purses. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Best Price 304 316L 309S Stainless Steel Pipe] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Kraft Disposable Fast Food Box for Fried Chips Chickens French Fries Hamburgers. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Multi Functional Professional Long Nose Plier] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800.[Sj-65 Steel Pipe Plastic Coated Machinery Extruder] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Kga Series Rubber Decorative Slip-Proof and Nail-Hidden Alu Flooring Profiles,Machining Part for Fitness Equipment Belt Pulley CNC Turning Parts]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Lift Freight Elevator Hydraulic Cylinder Large Hydraulic Cylinder for Offshore Drilling Platform Turning Bucket Hydraulic Cylinder.[Chain And Accessories]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.New Product Kinetic Lights, LED Kinetic Tube, Guangzhou Lighting for Club Disco DJ Bar Stage. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[ Cataract Forceps] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Auto Tool Changer CNC Router Machine (XE1325/1530/2030/2040). The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Customized Hot Rolled Bimetal Steel Plate Wear Resistant Steel Plate]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (China Manufacturer Supply Cassava Flour Machine in Tanzania).High Quality Fruit Lemon H20 Water Bottle Drinking Bottle Infusion Sports Bottle BPA Free, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Picking Garden Green House Glass Greenhouse with Plastic Products Beautiful Appearance(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[China OEM Customized Household Appliance Fan Molding Humidifier Plastic Injection Mold Mould Maker]

Conclusions

Rubber Bushing Auto Parts 48818-12170 for Toyota Corolla Ae111,Customized High Performance Irregular Shape AlNiCo Magnet-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,2017 New Quick Charge QC3.0 Power Bank Mobile Charger. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Customized Printed Air Bubble Mailer Bag Padded Plastic Mailing Bags Courier Envelope. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Personalized Stainless Steel Spade Shape Blank Smooth Dog Tag Pendant, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Anti Corrosive Remote Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter.Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work.

References