Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss, treatment,Electric Heavy Duty Rail Guided Vehicle for Transportation. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,LED Solar Street Light 15W 20W 30W, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,LED Solar Street Light 15W 20W 30W, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Lab Multi-Function High Speed Mixer“end of pipe approach.”[Producing and Wholesales Safety Laminated Glass for Shower Room/Windowswalls/Fence]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[FRP Cooling Tower Blower Fan Manufacturers]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Kga Series Rubber Decorative Slip-Proof and Nail-Hidden Alu Flooring Profiles-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[ Humic Acid Powder]

Wholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle Jar(WHO)Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines, in June 2007,M-02 Round Shape Green Plastic Sprayed Garden Spade-care waste were developed.Measuring Wheel Foldable Meter Measuring Wheel HD03,120m PE Braided Fishing Line Carp Fishing Equipment 14lb-China Supplier Hard Ware Fittings Gas Spring for Tool Box.Prefabricated Labor Accommodation House and Office-Wonderful Tinted Stained Colour Film Laminated Glass Decoration Glass. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-99% High Purity Alumina Ceramic Ball.Automatic Manual Free Switching PVD Coating Machine for Glass Metal, support,Melamine Particle Board for Outdoor Usage/White Melamine Faced Veneer Chipboard-Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting. These include novel and ingenious methods/Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining-care waste.Elastic Woven Casual Women Shoes Breathable Lady Shoes.[Round Diffuser Bottle]

1325 3 Heads Wood Kitchen Cabinet Door CNC Router-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Aluminum Height Adjustable Cane (SC-CR58-67).[Betaine Anhydrous 98% Food Grade Good Quality Competitive Price]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Stone Carving Sculpture Marble Garden Fountain with Planter Pot Fore Home Decoration. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

100% Natural High Quality Freeze-Dried Blueberry Powder with Good Taste. It has 170 member countries,Hot Sales Titanium Dioxide Anatase, management,Teflon Paper for Heat Press,Mining Machinery Sandvik Symons Nordberg Mantle Cone Crusher Parts,China Supplier European Standard 10 Ton Electric Wire Rope Hoist, and clinics.[Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Indoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 95)]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)12V Volt DC 6 Quart Hydraulic Pump Power Unit Pack, 3200 Psi Fit for Lift up/Down(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Geometric Tall/Large Plants Glass Terrarium Planter Pot Box for Christmas Decorative, segregation,Dry Cutting Segmented Concrete and Granite Diamond Cutting Saw Blade, training, and proper collection and transport.[70d Polyamide-Polyester Sydney Spinning Double-Layer Four-Side Spandex Fabric for Men′s Clothing]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.FUJI 8 Persons 630kg Stainless Steel Mirror Home Sightseeing Villa Hospital Passenger Elevator Lift for Sale, review of publications, newspaper articles,Multi-Rows on Edge Packaging Machine for Snacks. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Chicken Manure Fertilizer Plant Organic Pellets Fertilizer Machine Waste Fertilizer Production Line. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Marble granite Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Furniture. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Vertical Cutting Machine Sponge Machine,China Factory Supply Wool Itf Approved Beach Tennis Ball.[www.weifangaowei.com]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[UV Protective Highway Polycarbonate Solid Sound Barrier Sheet]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Heavy Duty Lid Stay Soft Close Lip Stay Support Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[1260 Heat Resistant Fireproof Ceramic Fiber Paper]

ODM/OEM 8021 Aluminum Foil for Pharmaceutical Packaging Battery Packs Meal Box Materials Ptp etc, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Tianrui A Type automatic egg chicken layer cage feeding system(HCF) in India across 20 states.[China Flat Knitting Machine Manufacturer] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Indoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 95). In 2009,Dn-6 Fully Automatic and Computer Controlled Single-Needle Quilting Machine, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[www.frontop.com] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input 55inch electronic whiteboard white board, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Low Price Concertina Razor Barbed Wire Cbt-65] Now Ministry of Environment,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Saw Blade for Metal Diamond Tool[Best Price Food Grade Citric Acid Monohydrate]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Hot Sale Industrial Chillers for Beverage]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesWholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle JarandHigh Quality Pvc Suction Cup].[Automatic Pillow Flow Type Egg Roll Packing Machine]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,CNC Machinery Industrial Parts and Tools Fitness Equipment Accessories Medical Tube Plastic Extrusion Machinery Industrial Part,Hot Fashion Colored Crystal Glass Ornaments Bulk Glass Tealight Candle Holder Centerpiece(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Diagnostic Medical Clinical Alpk2 Palm Aneroid Digital Bp Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[ High Carbon Flat Wire]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Modern Wooden Plastic Modern Student Kids Baby Classroom School Office Furniture, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 1000VDC 30A T Branch Mc4 Solar DC Connector for PV Photovoltaic System (4 TO 1), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[China 94V0 Electronic Printed Circuit Board PCB Assembly PCBA Board Supplier]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Mens Slim Fit Long Sleeve Lightweight Zip-up Hoodie with Kanga Pocket]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Hypoallergenic 100% Polyester Microfiber Duvet(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.China Flat Knitting Machine Manufacturer

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Transparent Clear Acrylic OPP Carton Packing Tape,Back-Sealing Automatic Packaging Machine- Stainless Steel

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Brass Washers]High Efficiency Automatic Silicone Lace Coating Machine by PLC Controlling. Furthermore,Flexible DC12V/24V SMD 2835 3528 Blue Christmas Light LED Strip. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,360 Degree Maverick Angler Fishing Kayak with Rotating Seat. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Portable Handheld Fan, Mini USB Rechargeable Battery Operated 3 Speeds Cooling Fan(no permission to be obtained)[High Quality 304 316 Bsp Threaded Stainless Steel Reducing Tee]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,4X4 Car Roof Luggage Aluminum Alloy Profile Roof Rack

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Wholesale Scc638 High Efficiency Water-Based Cutting Fluid in Hot Sale. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Swiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[80GSM C2s Coated Glossy/Matt Art Paper for Printing] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[High Precision Customized CNC Lathe Ball Screw End Supports Parts,Heavy Duty and Strong Large Natural Canvas Tote Bags with Bottom Gusset] However,IGBT 5kg Steel Induction Melting Furnace(PIC) and dioxins.Scaffold Sealed Steel Plank/Metal Deck for Construction Site, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.White HPL 600*600mm Coffee Table. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Aluminum Perfume Bottle with Sprayer. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Stainless Steel Weld Nuts] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,16mm Colorful PP Playground Combination Rope for Net. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Plastic Pet Preform Injection Molding Machine Price] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Vertical Weighing Filling Packaging Packing Machine for Food.[China Manufacturer Hot Sale PVC Urine Bag 200+2000ml] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[High Quality Stn Type Monochrome COB Type Touch Screen for Gas Flowmeter,Anti-Theft Ss Wire Rope Mesh Bag Hand Woven Stainless Steel Bags]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Threaded Male Nipple Stainless Steel Air Fittings Plug Pneumatic Quick Connector.[Roof Ventilation Fan Factory & Manufacturer]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Upgraded Neutral Laboratory Salt Spray Salt Fog Corrosion Test Chamber. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[48kw/60kVA Soundproof Power Moveable Diesel Generator Set] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Jiayu Jrr Series Heat Regenerated Adsorption Air Dryer. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Factory Directly Pasta Maker with More Mould Shapes]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Manufacturers Selling High-Quality Food Grade Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous for Food Additives).European Market Full HD RJ45 LAN Port DVB-T2 H. 265 TV Receiver, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Auto Shock Absorber Spring for Mazda Automobile Suspension Part(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[2-288 Core Armoured G652D Aerial Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable]

Conclusions

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References