Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)C130L Hog Ring Gun for Cabin, Bag Closure, treatment,Different Size Free Sample Biodegradable Paper Guava Bags for Fruits Against Insects. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Biodegradable PLA Film for Food /Fruit Packaging, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Biodegradable PLA Film for Food /Fruit Packaging, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,(Motorola Repair Parts Wholesaler) Moto X2 LCD Display with Touchscreen Assembly“end of pipe approach.”[2~3 Cm Natural Long Lasting Decorative Flower Roses for Christmas Gifts & Crafts]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Decorative Stainless Steel 304 Ss Pipe Supplier]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Plastic Backing Nonwoven Polishing Disc-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Fast Delivery Custom Made Softcover Book Printing]

Transtones Artificial Stone Guangzhou Material Wall Panels(WHO)High Quality CAS 10040-45-6 Sodium Picosulfate with Best Price, in June 2007,Industrial Automatic Puff Snacks Electrical Frying Machine-care waste were developed.Swivel Chair Parts Adjustable Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring for Chair,OEM Packaging Machine Manufacturer Automatic Triangle Bag Packing Machine-Good Price 96V 120A PV Input 200V MPPT Solar Charge Controller for Sale.R22/R25/R28/T38/T45/T51/St58/Gt60 Extension Drifter Speed Mf mm Threaded Drill Steel Rod-Metal Nameplate Laser Etching Machine Fibre Laser Marking. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Factory DVD GPS Automotive Harness Fit with Toyota Car.Outdoor Garden Patio Furniture Rattan Lounge Sitting Room Pool Sofa Set, support,Strong Custom Magic Cleaning Kitchen Sponge for Washing Dishes-Hydraulic Tipping Mini Dumper 500kgs Used for Farm Work or Construction Works, with Gasoline Motor All-Terrain Vehicle Crawler ED300b. These include novel and ingenious methods/Hala Certified Chinese Supplier Instant Black Tea Extract-care waste.99.95% Pure Ground Molybdenum Bars.[Promotion Simple Custom Design Children′s T-Shirt]

1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 Bsp Male Thread Pipe Fitting X 6 8 10 12mm Od Barb Hose Tail Reducer Fitting Multi Size Stainless Steel 304-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Household 8011 1235 8006 Alloy Aluminum Foil in Jumbo Rolls-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,4 Spindles Fully Automatic Non Stop Rewinding Machine.[8 Kyocera 220sqm/H Blanket Woven Knitted Fabric Digital Textile Belt Printer]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Iron Stainless Steel Coil Nails Screw Shank for Pallet. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Universal Type-C Power Socket Pd Fast QC3.0 USB Charger. It has 170 member countries,Waterproof LED Flash Shoe Light Crystal Epoxy Resin, management,Military Camp Usage Comfortable Practical Modular Container House,Fufeng Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Big Supplier in China,3D PVC Free Peel and Stick Non Woven Printable Wallpaper Material, and clinics.[Bigger Volume Air Bag Dust Collector]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)BS5896-2012 15.70mm Super 7 Wire PC Steel Strand(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.China Manufacturer 3D Foam Cutting Machine, segregation,950 Mechanical Seal Water Pump Mechanical Seal, training, and proper collection and transport.[Lead Acid Battery Front Terminal 12V 105ah Maintenance Free]

Jaws End Us Type Drop Forged Turnbuckle Rigging. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Packaging Machine Automatic Weighing Filling Machine (AH-FJJ 100/300/500).Stock! ! Silica Gel Orange Beads 2-4mm for Moisture Adsorption-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Pet and PP Geobag with UV High Strength Thermal]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Acrylic Non-Woven Fabric for Dust Collection Filter Bag, review of publications, newspaper articles,Trending Fashionable Wool Multi Color Felt Tote Shopping Ladies Handbag. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,OEM SS304 Stainless Steel Sw Reducing Tee for Food Machinery. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Sj-65 Steel Pipe Plastic Coated Machinery Extruder. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Diamond Multi-Wire for Granite Slab Cutting/Diamond Wire for Granite Squaring,Lithium Battery Power All in One 40W Integrated Solar LED Street Light.[Fiberglass Septic Tank Anti-Corrosion FRP/GRP Fuel Storage Tank]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[120W Outdoor Highway IP66 Aluminum LED Street Light Luminaire]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Personal Design Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Metal Pin Badge with Gold Plating Custom Branded Nickle Plated Pin Badges (288)] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,MPO Sm Adaptor-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Plated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pins]

Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Custom Made Acrylic Elastic Knit Headbands(HCF) in India across 20 states.[High Quality Prepayment Energy Meter 12 Volt DC Latching Relays 24V DC Magnetic Contactor Relays] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%3 Arms Acrylic Crystal Tea Light Candle Holder Candelabra for Wedding. In 2009,OEM Motorcycle Automotive Auto Silicone Rubber Parts, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Plain Woven PTFE Coated Teflon Fiberglass Cloth] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,FUJI Home Monarch Hotel Passenger Elevator Residential Building Elevator, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Unique Die Cut Coloring Hard Cover Kids Board Comic Alarm Clock Book Printing China] Now Ministry of Environment,Lead ECG Cable with High Grade TPU Shielded Stranded Tinned Copper[Humizone Ultra Potassium Humate Leonardite Source Foliar Fertilizer]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [24V 300ah Lithium Battery Energy Storage Battery Li-ion High Power Battery LiFePO4 Battery UPS Battery Power Supply Rechargeable Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesEgg Table Lamp Rechargeable Table Lamp Color Change Decoration LampandFreesub Sublimation Blank Phone Case for iPhone6 Plus (IP6 plus)].[China Hydraulic Factory Rubber Hose Tube Fittings From Ningbo City]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Anti-Static Frosted Polycarbonate Multi Wall Hollow Sheet for Public,400mm UHP Graphite Electrode Factory Price/HP RP UHP Ge for Smelting(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[SKF Double Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing 3204/3205/3206/a/Atn9/2z 2RS1/Tn9/Ztn9/Mt33/C3]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.430HP Sitrak C7h 6X4 Tractor Heads, Prime Movers Rhd 390HP for Malawi, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 12 Inch Industrial Touch Screen Panel for Panel PCS, Touch Monitor, or Displays, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[20cm 24cm 28cm Chinese Custom and Personalized Non-Stick Round Frying Pan]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[10-120mm2 Cable Terminal Applicator for Crimping Machine Hydraulic Terminal Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Supermarket PVC Price Label Holder for Hook(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Heat Transfer Silicone Roller for Thermal Transfer

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Decorative Stainless Steel 304 Ss Pipe Supplier,T Type Thermal Break Strip

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[China Bags For Yoga Mats]Reflective Banner Flex (T7101). Furthermore,400mm UHP Graphite Electrode with Nipples for Smelting. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls(no permission to be obtained)[3D PVC Free Peel and Stick Non Woven Printable Wallpaper Material]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,3D Lenticular Postcard 3D Printed Plastic Promotion 3D Gift Card

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,9′′ 6CH 1080 HD Mobile Car DVR with Touch Screen, Support WiFi, 3G/4G, GPS. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,TUV Standard 2.5mm2 4mm2 6mm2 PV1-F DC Solar PV Cable. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Rubber Mixer/Rubber Mixing Mill with Ce/Rubber Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Customized Arrow Wooden Timber Acoustic Wall Panels with Cheep Price] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes,1.6m Hydraulic Small Home Lift for Disabled] However,Solas Reflective Tape for Lifejacket and Liferaft(PIC) and dioxins.2-288 Core Armoured G652D Aerial Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Medical Head Loop Mask Making Machine Production Line. Dioxins are an unintentional by-1/2 Inch SUS 304 Hairline Stainless Steel AISI Round Pipe. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Cationic Golden Yellow X-Gl High Quality Supplier] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Export Standard Hook Type Shot Blast Cleaning Equipment/Shot Blaster/Shot Blasting Machine Used in Forging and Steel Industry. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Good Price 200 Ton Double Action Deep Drawing Hydraulic Press] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Large Suction Capacity Commercial Chimney Cooker Hood Grease Filter.[Medical Device Orthopedic Surgical Instruments Bone Reamer Drill] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Aluminum Profiles L Shape Tile Edge Trim with Champagne Color,High Quality Wool Felt Porkpie Fedora Trilby Hat]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.New Waterproof Solid Surface Kitchen Furniture Japan Kitchen Sink.[Lift And Slide]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Low Front Open Front Multideck Refrigerator Open Face Cooler. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Good Performance Low Cost Skip Type Concrete Batching Plant Hzs25] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Hammer Repair Kit. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Right Angle Worm Gearbox for Food and Beverage and Packaging Machines]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Diamond Circular Granite Saw Blades for Masonry Cutting).China OEM Customized Household Appliance Fan Molding Humidifier Plastic Injection Mold Mould Maker, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Colorful Printed Drinking Stripe Paper Straw(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Flying CO2 Laser Marking Machine with Red Locating System]

Conclusions

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References