Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Aluminum Perfume Bottle with Sprayer, treatment,16mm Colorful PP Playground Combination Rope for Net. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Vertical Weighing Filling Packaging Packing Machine for Food, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Vertical Weighing Filling Packaging Packing Machine for Food, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Threaded Male Nipple Stainless Steel Air Fittings Plug Pneumatic Quick Connector“end of pipe approach.”[Stock! ! Silica Gel Orange Beads 2-4mm for Moisture Adsorption]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[China Supplier European Standard 10 Ton Electric Wire Rope Hoist]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Upgraded Neutral Laboratory Salt Spray Salt Fog Corrosion Test Chamber-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Hot Latest Sexy Womens Gym Wear Online]

Jiayu Jrr Series Heat Regenerated Adsorption Air Dryer(WHO)Manufacturers Selling High-Quality Food Grade Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous for Food Additives, in June 2007,European Market Full HD RJ45 LAN Port DVB-T2 H. 265 TV Receiver-care waste were developed.Auto Shock Absorber Spring for Mazda Automobile Suspension Part,Hot Sale 4 Seater Fast Food Dining Room Set-2019 OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Eye Lash Cosmetics Makeup Brush Set Kits.Xl Mill Rolls Cast Steel Rolls-Popular New Products Car Accessories Braking System Truck Spare Parts Semi Metal Brake Pad. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Best Selling High Quality Automatic Palletizing Robot Machine Manipulator.Custom Design Top Quality Low MOQ Warm Winter Indoor Long Men Socks, support,Wine Cocktail Decoration Biodegradable Paper Straw-Pet Supplies Non-Slip Stainless Steel Dog Drinking Water Food Bowl. These include novel and ingenious methods/Beauty Salon Anti Aging Omegan LED Light Therapy Machine-care waste.Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame.[ASTM Tp316 304 201 Square/Round Galvanized Stainless Steel Pipe for Chemical]

Manfuacture for Galvanized Wire Mesh Welded Mesh Fence-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Hot! Steel Hospital Treatment Cart Emergency Trolley for Patient-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Factory Price Aluminum/Aluminium Foil in Jumbo Roll for Industry Application.[Precision CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Washers Spacers]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Shiny Laser Holo Powder Rainbow Chrome Manicure Holographic Pigment. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Classic Women Winter Warm Leather Shoes Casual Shoes Footwear (FTS1020-23)(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Outdoor Advertising Display Custom 3D LED Ice Cream Neon Sign, segregation,Non Woven Polishing Wheel for Stainless Steel, training, and proper collection and transport.[50% Oleuropein Extract Olive Leaf Extract Powder Canarium Album Raeusch. Extract]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Retekool Ds18b20 Waterproof 3-Wire Temperature Probe, review of publications, newspaper articles,Fryer Equipment Potato Chip Banana Chips Frying Production Line Snack Food Processing French Fries Making Machine. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Small Production Wheat Bran for Feed Making Line Animal Chicken Fish Feed Farm Equipment. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Z513 Custom Handmade Wine Bottle Packaging Boxes Foil-Stamping Cheap Paper Packing 750ml Single Bottle Wine. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,ISO Natural Organic Pumpkin Powder 100% Pumpkin Powder with Best Price,Sports Bluetooth Earphone Tws Bluetooth Earbuds in-Ear Wireless Stereo Headset.[301 Stainless Steel Strip]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Cast Iron Wafer Butterfly Valve with Two Holes]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[12 Pin Car Mirror ISO Wiring Harness Manufacturer] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Cheap Price Automatic Plastic Glass Small Bottle Powder Filling Capping Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Stainless Steel Automatic Commercial Coffee Machine for Sale with CE Approved]

200-300GSM PVC Coated Polyester Mesh for Outside Usage, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Customized Arrow Wooden Timber Acoustic Wall Panels with Cheep Price(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Delight 300W Vertical Wind Solar Energy Street Light] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Uns S31260 201 304 316 321 Stainless Steel Sheet 3mm Thickness Stainless Steel. In 2009,New Products Fishing Bags Fishing Tackle Outdoor Bags, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Stainless Steel Hose Clamps] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Anti-Bacterial Hospital Waterproof Fireproof PVC Vinyl Flooring, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Cast Iron Plumbing Pipes Manufacturer Hematite Malleable Iron Pipe Fitting] Now Ministry of Environment,China Hot Sale CNC Router 4 Axis CNC Milling Machine[Fufeng Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Big Supplier in China]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Clear Glass Mineral Water Bottle/ Water Glass Bottle]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesManufacturer Digitaizer Mobile Phone LCD for iPhone 6s LCDandLowes Metro Tile Roofing Sheet Galvalume Aluminum Zinc Roofing Tiles for Wood Truss Roof System].[15 Inch IP65 Waterproof Industrial Touch Screen Monitor]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Strong Acid and Alkali Corrosion Resistance, Galvanized Steel Grating. 404,Metalwork 7075 Aluminum Precision Turned Parts CNC Micro Machining Ship Parts(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[1500W 2000W 3000W CNC Fiber Metal Pipe Laser Cutting Engraving Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.High Quality Wear-Resisting Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Filter, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 2016 Pth Customized Design Prefab Steel Structure Warehouse, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[New Design Decorative High-Pressure Laminate Board]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Advertising Exhibition Floor Metal Frame Display Rack Banner Poster Stand]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/HOWO 8X4 Heavy Tipper Truck 30t Dumper Dump Truck(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Hotel Room Digital Safe with LED Display

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,ISO2531/En545/En598 Ductile Iron Pipe Fitting Flange Coupling/Adaptor,Machining Part for Fitness Equipment Belt Pulley CNC Turning Parts

   7. Disco Stage Beam Spot Wash Light 200W LED Moving Head/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[China Cement Wire Mesh]Carbon Ss400 Farm Gates 1.5 Inch Galvanized Steel Pipe Price Per Meter. Furthermore,Wholesale High Quality Women′s Outdoor Hiking Boots. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Power Steering Rack/Steering Gear for Toyota Hiace Van/Hiace Parts 3y4y Lh113, 103, 109 Yh50 44250-26341 44250-26040. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,PU Leather for Glove& Clothes Purpose in 0.5mm(no permission to be obtained)[ISO Natural Organic Pumpkin Powder 100% Pumpkin Powder with Best Price]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,PVC View Binder A4 2 D Ring 2.5 65mm White Paper File Folder

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Ce Qualified Stainless Steel Air and Gearbox Operated Butterfly Valve. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,15 Inch IP65 Waterproof Industrial Touch Screen Monitor. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Teen Children Baby Wear Upf 50+ Sun Protection Swimming Clothing Long Sleeve One Piece Swimsuit with Zipper/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[TCP/IP Network Poe 15W Active Wall Mount Speaker Waterproof] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Two Flat Pin South America Plug (Y058),1325 3 Heads Wood Kitchen Cabinet Door CNC Router] However,Funny Educational Toys Game Learning Rapid Cubes Plastic Toys for Kids H9085013(PIC) and dioxins.UV Protective Highway Polycarbonate Solid Sound Barrier Sheet, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.18mm Red Oak Green Core Chipboard. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Rigid HDPE LDPE Pet PP Bottle and Crate Recycling Granulator Machine /High Speed Singles Screw Extruder Plastic Recycling Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Flexible Downspout Extension 2X3 White PVC Pipe] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,New Arrival Dark Blue Cement Pot with Wooden Stand. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Hala Certified Chinese Supplier Instant Black Tea Extract] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342.[ISO Approved Self-Cleaning Permanent Belt Magnetic Iron Ore Separator] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Small Clear Glass Spray Bottles for Aromatherapy Essential Oils,500ton Plywood Hot Press Using in Plywood Base Panel]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts.[ruichirobot.com]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.China Manufacturer Custom Bottle Opener Finisher Medals. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Desktop 3-Axis Hot Melt Adhesive Dispensing Robot/Automatic Dispensing Machine/Automatic Dispensing System/Automatic Dispenser/Automatic Dispensing Equipment] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,SUS304 DIN471/JIS2804 Retaining Ring for Shaft. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Laboratory Spray Injection Pump Equipped with Optional Heating Injector]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Newest Designed Globalipl RF Cavitation Best Slimming Machine).Root of Chinese Clematis Extract, Herbal Extract, Plant Extract, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Fitness Tube 120cm 11PCS Set TPE Exercise Tube(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[CK6150 Chinese Horizontal Cheap Flat Bed CNC Lathe Machine with Siemens system]

Conclusions

Round Cord Bag Clip End Closure DIY Accessories Rope Buckle,Wholesale Aluminum Outdoor Stake Solar LED Lawn Light-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Luxury Gold King Chiavari Wedding Chair for Wedding Party. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Stage Light Copy Robe Pointe 10r 280W Beam Spot Wash Moving Head Light 16 and 24 DMX Channels. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Wholesale Gi Galvanized Corrugated Steel Roofing Sheet, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-EVA Foam Cutting Machine for Packaging Protection Material Patterm Cutting Dieless Automatic CNC Ce.1308/1308k Machine Tool Self-Aligning Ball Bearing.

References