Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)China Manufacturer 3D Foam Cutting Machine, treatment,950 Mechanical Seal Water Pump Mechanical Seal. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Jaws End Us Type Drop Forged Turnbuckle Rigging, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Jaws End Us Type Drop Forged Turnbuckle Rigging, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Packaging Machine Automatic Weighing Filling Machine (AH-FJJ 100/300/500)“end of pipe approach.”[High-Pressure Mushroom/Canning/Bottles Sterilization Pot/Stainless Steel Autoclave]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Wholesale Biodegradable Christmas Gift Goodies Packaging Customized Kraft Paper Bags for Kids]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Stock! ! Silica Gel Orange Beads 2-4mm for Moisture Adsorption-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Blue Light PVC Transparent Plastic Film Shower Curtain]

Acrylic Non-Woven Fabric for Dust Collection Filter Bag(WHO)Trending Fashionable Wool Multi Color Felt Tote Shopping Ladies Handbag, in June 2007,OEM SS304 Stainless Steel Sw Reducing Tee for Food Machinery-care waste were developed.Sj-65 Steel Pipe Plastic Coated Machinery Extruder,Diamond Multi-Wire for Granite Slab Cutting/Diamond Wire for Granite Squaring-Lithium Battery Power All in One 40W Integrated Solar LED Street Light.MPO Sm Adaptor-Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Custom Made Acrylic Elastic Knit Headbands.3 Arms Acrylic Crystal Tea Light Candle Holder Candelabra for Wedding, support,OEM Motorcycle Automotive Auto Silicone Rubber Parts-FUJI Home Monarch Hotel Passenger Elevator Residential Building Elevator. These include novel and ingenious methods/Lead ECG Cable with High Grade TPU Shielded Stranded Tinned Copper-care waste.Anti-Static Frosted Polycarbonate Multi Wall Hollow Sheet for Public.[Composite Anti-Slip Grating with Quartz Sands FRP Gritted Grating Fiberglass]

400mm UHP Graphite Electrode Factory Price/HP RP UHP Ge for Smelting-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,430HP Sitrak C7h 6X4 Tractor Heads, Prime Movers Rhd 390HP for Malawi-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,12 Inch Industrial Touch Screen Panel for Panel PCS, Touch Monitor, or Displays.[High Quality Student Desk for School Classroom Furniture]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Supermarket PVC Price Label Holder for Hook. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Heat Transfer Silicone Roller for Thermal Transfer. It has 170 member countries,OEM ODM Casting Parts Chain Wheel, Sprocket Wheel, management,Load 100kg Light and Beauty Home Elevator for Person,Decorative Stainless Steel 304 Ss Pipe Supplier,T Type Thermal Break Strip, and clinics.[ASTM API 5L Seamless Steel Pipe Price]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Chinese Supplier Anti Slip Lvt Vinyl Flooring Spc Floor(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Reflective Banner Flex (T7101), segregation,400mm UHP Graphite Electrode with Nipples for Smelting, training, and proper collection and transport.[Twin Screw Extruder Fish Feed Treats Making Machinery]

with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls.3D Lenticular Postcard 3D Printed Plastic Promotion 3D Gift Card-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[60m3 Bulk Silo Trailer Wheat Transport for Sale]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.9′′ 6CH 1080 HD Mobile Car DVR with Touch Screen, Support WiFi, 3G/4G, GPS, review of publications, newspaper articles,35 Degree 800mm/1000mm Escalator with Vvvf Auto Start Stop. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Ss Stainless Steel Female Thread Tee Gas Pipe Fitting. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Small Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Ss (750W),Nonstick Preseasoned Cast Iron Steak Grill Pan Dia 11 Inch.[China Bags For Yoga Mats]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[3 Arms Acrylic Crystal Tea Light Candle Holder Candelabra for Wedding]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Long Life Silver Plated Reset Slide Switch for Auto Parts] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Pharmaceutical Cold Bottom Aluminum Foil for Blister Packaging (8011 8021 8079)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Korea Glittery Heat Transfer Film /Vinyl for Clothes/T-Shirt Printing Cdg-16 Light Multi]

Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT), International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,High Tension Grade 80 Alloy Black Chain(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Injection Molding Screw Types/ Plastic Mold Components] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%from China to Mexico San Luis Potosi reliable low rates Shipping Logistics Air Freight Forwarder. In 2009,75GSM Heat Transfer Sublimation Paper in High Transfer Rate, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[600kg Driverless Robotic Latent Two Way Agv for Warehouse Transport] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Ozone Generator Plant for Water Treatment, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Lead ECG Cable with High Grade TPU Shielded Stranded Tinned Copper] Now Ministry of Environment,Dg203 Medical Equipment Battery Power Home Using Electric Mobile Patient Transfer Lift[ISO2531/En545/En598 Ductile Iron Pipe Fitting Flange Coupling/Adaptor]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Transtones Artificial Stone Guangzhou Material Wall Panels]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesChina Manufacturer Custom Bottle Opener Finisher MedalsandDoor Skin Plywood Home Depot Suppliers for Sale].[Fitness Tube 120cm 11PCS Set TPE Exercise Tube]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,15kgs/Spool Aws A5.18 CO2 Gas-Shielded MIG Welding Wire Er70s-6,TUV Standard 2.5mm2 4mm2 6mm2 PV1-F DC Solar PV Cable(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Anti-Static Frosted Polycarbonate Multi Wall Hollow Sheet for Public]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[OEM CNC Machine Aluminum and ABS Mock up Prototypes]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Rubber Mixer/Rubber Mixing Mill with Ce/Rubber Machine, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Solas Reflective Tape for Lifejacket and Liferaft, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[360 Degree Maverick Angler Fishing Kayak with Rotating Seat]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[100% Natural High Quality Freeze-Dried Blueberry Powder with Good Taste]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/2-288 Core Armoured G652D Aerial Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Medical Head Loop Mask Making Machine Production Line

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Large Suction Capacity Commercial Chimney Cooker Hood Grease Filter,New Waterproof Solid Surface Kitchen Furniture Japan Kitchen Sink

   7. Low Front Open Front Multideck Refrigerator Open Face Cooler/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Heavy Duty Rope12 Strand PP PE Mixed Pull Mooring Mope]Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Hammer Repair Kit. Furthermore,Diamond Circular Granite Saw Blades for Masonry Cutting. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,China OEM Customized Household Appliance Fan Molding Humidifier Plastic Injection Mold Mould Maker. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Colorful Printed Drinking Stripe Paper Straw(no permission to be obtained)[Hospital Bracelets Watch for Patient Fashion Stainless Steel Free Sample]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Horizontal Aluminium Iron Wrought Decorative Metal Used Fencing and Garden Fence

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Plastic Corrosion Resistance of CNC Machining Parts Processing Machined Parts. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Kingstar Pluto B6 1ton Gasoline & Diesel Cargo Van. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,High Quality Stn Type Monochrome COB Type Touch Screen for Gas Flowmeter/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Precision High Hardness CNC Milling Cutter 3 Flute Square Solid Carbide Tungsten End Mill Cutting Tools for Stainless Steel] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[SBPP Hygienic Non Woven Disposable Briefs,Wholesale Scc638 High Efficiency Water-Based Cutting Fluid in Hot Sale] However,Sally 1000X600X35mm Horizontal Bathroom Makeup Dressing Glass LED Mirror with Silver Coated(PIC) and dioxins.IPS Panel Camera Mount 5.7 Inch TFT LCD, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Trendy Car Shape Cute Kids Trolley School Bags. Dioxins are an unintentional by-2018 Lf-Xg50 Paper Straw Making Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[220V Three Phase Concrete Floor Grinding Machine] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Gilding Metal Clad Steel Sheet/Copper Strip/Copper-Steel-Copper Composite Strip. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Professional Supply Galvanized Single Tube Tower] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Gonsin Tl-Vqcb5500 Armrest Conference Microphone for Auditorium.[Gas Spring for Cabinet Door (YQL)] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Hot Rolled 304 316 (304L 316L) Stainless Steel Plate/Sheet Price,Dry Cutting Segmented Concrete and Granite Diamond Cutting Saw Blade]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.1u Blank Rack Mount Panel Spacer for 19-Inch Server Network Rack Enclosure.[High Back Computer Desktop Swivel Executive Chairs for Home Office (247)]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Dental Supply Silicone Rubber Polisher for Prosthetic and Orthodontic Acrylics. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Dn25 Approved Stainless Steel 304 Pneumatic Piston Angle Seat Valve] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Centrifugal Slurry Pumps (NP-AH(R)). The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Lovely and Dynamic 3 & 6 Seats Mini Merry Go Round Ride]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Automatic Pillow Flow Type Egg Roll Packing Machine).Public TV Floor Stand Dual Screens 30-60 Landscape & Portrait, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Stone Crusher Vibrating Screen Wire Mesh Long Service Life(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun]

Conclusions

Climatic Cycling Stability Testing Chamber Temperature Humidity Cabinet,Adjustable Zinc Alloy Button Bracelet Outdoor Emergency Lifesaving Bracelet-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Chili Powder Pouch Packing Machine. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Plastic Food Storage Container Box Sets. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Hot Sale Women Grey Materntiy Longline Hoodies Wholesale Factory, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Manual Lever Hoist From 0.75ton to 9ton.Good Quality Metal Hoist Hook.

References