Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Twin Screw Extruder Fish Feed Treats Making Machinery, treatment,China Professional High Quality CNC Lathe with Milling Drilling Function (CK61160). It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Custom Logo 3D PVC Soft Rubber Sew on Clothing Band PVC Silicone Patch, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Custom Logo 3D PVC Soft Rubber Sew on Clothing Band PVC Silicone Patch, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,1.6m Hydraulic Small Home Lift for Disabled“end of pipe approach.”[Artificial Plant Phalaenopsis Lovely Flowers Orchid Real Electroplating Succulent Pot Lovely Round Decorative Ceramic Glass Box Pot]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Good Quality Wall-Mounted Ozone Generator with 10g/H Ozone]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Hot Sale High Quality House Roof Tile Roman Type-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[ASTM A269 317 Seamless Coil Tubes Stainless Steel Pipe Manufacturer]

Hot Selling Glass Amber Color Beer Bottles 500 Ml Glass Bottle(WHO)Gym Equipment, Fitness, Body Building, Hammer Strength, Adjustable Bench (PRO Style) (HP-3056), in June 2007,Delight 300W Vertical Wind Solar Energy Street Light-care waste were developed.Outdoor Full Printed Folding Gazebo Canopy Tent for Promotion Event,High Quality PVC Vinyl Flooring-Cheapest PU Leather Canvas Man and Women Travel Bag (RS-8651).1kw 1.5kw 2kw 5kw Wind-Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Power System DIY Solar Panel System-ATS-800 Automatic Centrifugal Dewatering Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Colorful Highly Pigmented Eyeshadow Palette, Makeup Palette Long Lasting Waterproof.T7411-T7414 Replace Ink Chips for Epson F7200/7280/7080 Inkjet Printers, support,MC4 Connector Male and Female, Mc4 Solar Panel Connector 30A 1000V for PV Cable 2.5/4/6mm Solar Panel Connect-2 Gang 5pin Multi Socket with Neon Electrical Power Socket. These include novel and ingenious methods/Ceiling Mounted IV Stand Stainlesss Steel I V Pole-care waste.Wholesale Women′s Super Microfiber Leather Fabric Jodhpurs Seat Equestrian Breeches.[Electric Threading Machine]

0.25, 0.30, 0.38, 0.40 High Tensile Hose Wire-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,12V DC PV Panel Lighting Kit Emergency Lamps Shed Lights Energy Saving Lamp-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,LED RGB Stage Effect Light Vision Curtain for Indoor Show.[Luxury Gold King Chiavari Wedding Chair for Wedding Party]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Mechanical Seal For Type H for Grundfos Pump seal cartridge seal. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Stainless Steel Fittings(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.40mnb High Quality 40teeth Grass Brush Cutter Blade, segregation,CTB Series Wet Process Permanent Drum Magnetic Separator with Top Quality, training, and proper collection and transport.[Stainless Steel Square 4.3 Deodorization Invisible Floor Drain (FD-K065F)]

Steam Rotary Joints Oil Swivel Coupling Air Rotating Union. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine, Pneumatic Punching Machine.LED RGB Wash Wall Lighting-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Electronic Parts Plastic Injection Product Prototype for Heater]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.14 Inch Silent Core Low Noise Segmented Granite Cutting Diamond Saw Blade, review of publications, newspaper articles,Ce Certificated Acm-60 PTFE Powder Grinding Mill. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Check Weigher Using After Packaging Machine. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Pet Bottle Drinking Pure Mineral Water Washing Filling Sealing Machine Water Plant Purifier. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,FRP Cooling Tower Blower Fan Manufacturers,Teflon Hose, PTFE Hose, High Temperature Resistant Hose.[Die Casting Handle High Quality Supplier]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[3PCS Air Horn Kit with Compressor]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Anti Corrosive Remote Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,16W Corn Bulb 4u IC Driver Corn LED Light Bulbs-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Chameleon Aurora Rainbow Mirror Unicorn Chrome Pigment for Nail Art]

Head Dimension Integral Drill Rod, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,China Textile Factory Produces Dye Sublimation Beach Flag Fabric(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Water Treatment Corrosion Inhibitor Acrylic Homopolymer (9063-87-0)] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Aluminium Profile Roller Shutters OEM/Rolling Screen Aluminium. In 2009,Semi-Automatic Headlight Tester/Headlamp Tester/Automobile Headlight Detector, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Thermos Food Carrier] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Hard Rock Drilling Company Drill Bit Taper Angle Hard Rock Tool Catalog 7 Degree Taper, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Prefabricated Labor Accommodation House and Office] Now Ministry of Environment,Shot Gun Hot Stick with 1.4m 10kv Fiberglass Operating Rod[Self Adhesive Reinforced Fiberglass Joint Drywall Tape]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Icr18650 4400mAh 5000mAh 6000mAh 11.1V 3s2p Li-ion Battery Pack for Solar System]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesSuction Cup Toilet Grab HandleandTransparent Polyester Resin 50 50 for Interior Decoration Powder Coatings].[Ce Certificated Acm-60 PTFE Powder Grinding Mill]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Production Line Make Pre Cooked Corn Meal Maize Powder Flour Making Machine,Mens High Quality Casual Outwear Windproof Jacket(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Sw-Cj-1d Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Hky Automatic Steel C Purlin Roll Forming Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Plated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pins, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Hot Air 25kg Pet Plastic Hopper Dryer for Injection Molding Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[OEM/ODM Sheet Metal Stamping Parts]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Blm Mould and Mould Part Production Team Will Utilize Their Experience in The Packaging Industry to Meet Your Mould Build Needs Mould Part(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Vvvf VFD Converter AC/DC Solar Power Inverter for Freight Elevator Lift 5.5kw

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,0.42mm White Water and Heat Resistant Thermal Insulation Cloth,Galvanized Aluminum Wire Mesh Window Screen

   7. Gear Box Carbon Steel U Type Flange Butterfly Valve High Performance/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[2 Pin Push Button Switch]Dimmable White Silver Shell Shouing Ceiling Lamp 15W LED Downlight. Furthermore,Home Radiator Heating Electric Fireplace with Mantel Packages (319B). Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Moisturizing Lipglpss Make Your Own Clear Lip Gloss Custom. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Heavy Capacity Lifting Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) for Excavator Assembly(no permission to be obtained)[Medical Head Loop Mask Making Machine Production Line]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Food Powder Pouch Printing and Packaging Production Line

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,120W Outdoor Highway IP66 Aluminum LED Street Light Luminaire. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Stainless Steel Screw DIN912 Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws Customised. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Outdoor Portable Insulated Thermal Tote Cooler Bag for Lunch] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Adjustable Zinc Alloy Button Bracelet Outdoor Emergency Lifesaving Bracelet,Vacuum Coating Machine for Golden Door Handle/Metal PVD Coating Machines] However,12 Pin Car Mirror ISO Wiring Harness Manufacturer(PIC) and dioxins.Potassium Humate Powder, Humic Acid Powder, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Poultry House Chicken Feed Silo. Dioxins are an unintentional by-HD 1080P 4 Channel Car Mobile DVR with GPS, 3G/4G, WiFi. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Aluminum Heat Sink with Hight performance Heat Pipe for Electric Communication Equipment] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Secondary Stainless Steel Coil and Sheet. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Laser Cutting Acrylic Sheet 1220X2440mm 3mm] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Free Sample Promotion Holographic E-Liquid Paper Box Package.[0.27/0.3/0.4/0.6mm PPGI Coated Steel Coil Writing Teaching Board] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Plastic Step Stool Kick Step Stool,OEM Forklift Accessories of Alloy Steel in Investment Casting]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.White Flake Calcium Chloride Dihydrate for Oil.[Anti-Drilling Cylinder Manufacturers Cheap Price]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.1000W 1500W 3 Meters Pipe Laser Cutter CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Metal Sheet. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Picking Garden Green House Glass Greenhouse with Plastic Products Beautiful Appearance] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Quality Cleaning Microfiber Magic Spin Mop with Mop Bucket. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[6mm DIY Grinding Electric Die Grinder Tools (DG004)]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (10 Mode Remote Control Single Egg Vibrators 100% Waterproof Speed Jump Egg Love Ball Clitoris Stimulator Sex Toys for Women).2017 Solar Garden Stake Light (RS-124), waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Four Colors Silicone Sex Toys Fox Tail Anal Plug(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Small Velvet Jewelry Packing Pouch Custom Logo]

Conclusions

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References