Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Stainless Steel Sanitary SMS Pipe Fittings Union (JN-UN2002), treatment,Cast Iron Bucket/Sand Casting Basin/Ductile Iron Casting. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Hc-10t Heavy Duty Big Cable Terminal Cable Lug Crimping Machine Crimper, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Hc-10t Heavy Duty Big Cable Terminal Cable Lug Crimping Machine Crimper, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,No Smoke Biomass Corn COB Carbonization Kiln Price“end of pipe approach.”[Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Round Cord Bag Clip End Closure DIY Accessories Rope Buckle]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Double& Single Faced Tube Storage Cantilever Rack System with 500kg~1200kg-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[2/3/5/10ml Plastic Airless Perfume Bottle with Fine Mist Sprayer]

Hot Rolled 304 316 (304L 316L) Stainless Steel Plate/Sheet Price(WHO)Anatase Titanium Dioxide TiO2 for Paint and Coating La101, in June 2007,Adjustable Neck Brace /Rigid Plastic Cervical Collar with Chin/Cervical Support Strap-care waste were developed.250VAC Push Plinger Waterproof Mini Limit Switch,OEM Factory Commercial Automatic Stainless Steel Big Ice Cube Making Machine-304 Stainless Steel Staircase Armrest Fittings Shell Cover Foshan.Customized 8pin Pogo Pin Power Magnetic USB Cable Connector-Plastic Lid Press Making Machine Cup Lids Forming Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Shenzhen China Air Conditioner Universal PCBA.12V200ah/12V150ah/12V100ah VRLA Lead Acid AGM UPS Industrial Storage Battery, support,Autoclave Indicator Tape, Chemical Indicator, Process Monitoring, CE, Clinical Consumables-Cooking Oil Filter Machine Australia Edible Oil Filter Press. These include novel and ingenious methods/BS-2073b High Level Biological Microscope for College Education-care waste.Stop Valve/Gate Valve for PPR Fittigns.[X-ray Film/Medical Film/X-ray/Medical/Film/Radiology Film/Wet Film/Medical Consumables/Green Sensitive/Blue Sensitive/14X17inch]

Interiro MDF/HDF White Primed Painted Molded Door From Factory-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,ERW Welded BS4568 Galvanized Steel Pipe Class 3-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Customized Hot Rolled Bimetal Steel Plate Wear Resistant Steel Plate.[Cosmetic Black Paper Gift Packaging Box with Pink Silk for Scarf]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Hot Sale Lovely Shaped Water Filled Baby Soft Teether. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

OEM Rigid SMT PCB Assembly Printed Circuit Board PCB Manufacture. It has 170 member countries,33/0.433kv 100kVA 3 Phase Oil Immersed Power Pole Mount Transformer, management,Biodegradable Disposible Straw Pulp Food Box Ppp-1007,Lovely and Dynamic 3 & 6 Seats Mini Merry Go Round Ride,220V Meter 1000va Relay Type Automatic Voltage Stabilizer, and clinics.[Polyester Cup Holder with Customer Design Shape and Logo]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)China Custom Modern Grey Kitchen Cabinets Guangzhou(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Anti-Theft Ss Wire Rope Mesh Bag Hand Woven Stainless Steel Bags, segregation,2.13 E- Ink Screen with Black&White and 250*122 Resolution for Electronic Shelf Label, training, and proper collection and transport.[China Manufacturer Promotional Custom Made Stainless Steel Air Shaft]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Jumbo Neon Bulk Plastic Straight Drinking Straws, review of publications, newspaper articles,Calcium Chloride 74%, 77%, 94% Bags of 25kg. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,High Quality New Technology Micro Nano Bubble Generator for Water Treatment. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Light Duty Manhole Cover for Sale. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,BS1387 / Greenhouse Galvanized Steel Pipe 1.5′′ 1mm,Professional Speaker Management Digital Processor Dbx260 KTV Processor Digital Audio.[Rubber Material Fireman Boots]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Chicken Manure Fertilizer Plant Organic Pellets Fertilizer Machine Waste Fertilizer Production Line]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Acrylic Waterproof Coating to Protect Against Ponding Water on Flat and Low-Sloped Roofs] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Pure-Air PA-300TS-IQ Air Purification System For Fiber Laser Marking & Soldering Fume Filtration-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Threaded Male Nipple Stainless Steel Air Fittings Plug Pneumatic Quick Connector]

Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet Piece Type, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Knapsack Brush Cutter Garden Shoulder Brush Cutter Gasoline Grass Trimmer Cutter(HCF) in India across 20 states.[High Quality Pet Mould for Bottle] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Hot Selling Home Melamine Modern Bedroom Furniture Sets (UL-CH001). In 2009,Professional Colored Nylon Hook and Loop Magic Tape, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Meaeguet Fashion Male Logo Gay Pride Pendant Jewelry 316L Stainless Steel Pendant Necklaces Gay Jewelry] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,PS 450 Upper Discharge Centrifuge, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[430HP Sitrak C7h 6X4 Tractor Heads] Now Ministry of Environment,XCMG 5ton Wheel Loader Lw500kn Spare Parts[Headway Horizon UHP Car Tire 205/50zr17]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Free Sample Promotion Holographic E-Liquid Paper Box Package]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesTop Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron MiningandAll Cargo Container Tracking].[16W Corn Bulb 4u IC Driver Corn LED Light Bulbs]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Aluminum Foil Coffee Food Snack Bean Packing Bag with Gusset,LED Lawn Lamps Outdoor Lighting IP65 Waterproof LED Garden Wall Yard Path Pond Flood Spot Light(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Ve Head Rotor for Citroen - Bosch Injector Pump Parts]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Pneumatic Knife Gate Valve with Cylinder for Water Treatment]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Tire Recycling, Rubber, Environmentally Friendly, Odorless, Rubber Recycling, Quality Assurance., CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 10 Inches 250W Tweeter Bass Indoor Show Karaoke Speaker (RS-10), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Newest Designed Globalipl RF Cavitation Best Slimming Machine]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Producing and Wholesales Safety Laminated Glass for Shower Room/Windowswalls/Fence]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Factory Hollow Section Hot Dipped Galvanized Square /Rectangular Steel Tube or Pipe for Africa /Middle East / Southeast Asia Markets(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Plastic Extruder Machine 16mm-800mm Water Conduit Drainage PVC Pipe Extrusion Line

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Sanitary Stainless Steel SS304/SS316L CIP Return 2.2kw Self-Priming Pump

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,High Precision Customized CNC Lathe Ball Screw End Supports Parts,Loctite 76732 Lubricating Oil

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Exchangeable Plateform for Cutting Metallic Sheet/Tube]Hot Selling Cheap Wireless WiFi Router with SIM Slot. Furthermore,Car Newest Megnet Phone Holder. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Vegetable Cutter Kitchen Gadget 330ml Mini Size Handy Pull Chopper, String Pulling Food Slicer and Chopper. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,High Quality Shape Woven Patch for Clothing/Dress/Cap/Shoe(no permission to be obtained)[FRP Cooling Tower Blower Fan Manufacturers]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Automotive Industry Machine by Sonic Welding Equipment

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Anti-Slip TPU or PVC Tactile Indicator Paving Tile. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Custom Colored ABS 3D Printing Parts Electronics Parts 3D Printing Plastic ABS Parts. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Quality Plastic Injection Mould Plastic Tooling Maker/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[ Humic Acid Powder] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Betaine Anhydrous 98% Food Grade Good Quality Competitive Price,Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Indoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 95)] However,China HOWO Bobtail Truck, 25000 Liter Mobile LPG Recharge Bobtail Tank Truck(PIC) and dioxins.Torsion Bar Press Brake/Bending Machine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Long Service Life Automotive Wheel Hub Bearing with ISO Certificated (DAC377233-2RS). Dioxins are an unintentional by-Smart Big 7L Hydroponic Integrated Planter with Garden Aquarium. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Cashew Grading Machine for Cashew Processing Line] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,3000K 28 in. L X 39 in W Hotel Bathroom Single Wall LED Lighted Mirror with Defogger. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[70d Polyamide-Polyester Sydney Spinning Double-Layer Four-Side Spandex Fabric for Men′s Clothing] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,2019 Classic Casual Sneakers Custom Printed Canvas Men Shoes.[Solas Reflective Tape for Lifejacket and Liferaft] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[UV Protective Highway Polycarbonate Solid Sound Barrier Sheet,Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Used Paint Portable Spray Booth, Mobile Automatic Inflatable Spray Booth.[Affordable Prefab House Prefabricated Building Modular Home]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Fully Automatic Biodegradable Star Sealing Garbage Bag-on-Roll Plastic Trash Bag Making Machine Manufacturers. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[1260 Heat Resistant Fireproof Ceramic Fiber Paper] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Polyester Auto Hanging Seat Back Collapsible Car Trunk Organizer. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[China Flat Knitting Machine Manufacturer]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Professional Supply Galvanized Single Tube Tower).High Quality Rotary Industry Portable Diesel Engine Air Compressor (YSE160-8), waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Reflective Rubber Car Parking Block(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Low Price Concertina Razor Barbed Wire Cbt-65]

Conclusions

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References