Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Wood Log Debarker and Rounding Machine, treatment,Ultrasonic Fabric Underwear Spot Welding Bonding Cutting Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Micro DC Motor - Auto (Car) Windows Motor, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Micro DC Motor - Auto (Car) Windows Motor, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,5/16 Rubber Twin Welding Hose W. P 300psi“end of pipe approach.”[Wholesale Adjustable Knee Brace with Springs]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[High Quanlity PTFE Thread Seal Tape]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Blackened Helical Large Damping Compression Spring for Medical Machinery Spring with ISO 19001 Certification (10*89*177*7.5)-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Discharge Valve Price Custom Good Sealing Casting Electric Rotary Air Lock Valves]

Optical Workstation Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-11)(WHO)Cheap White Pastry Packaging Box with Window, in June 2007,ASTM A269 317 Seamless Coil Tubes Stainless Steel Pipe Manufacturer-care waste were developed.Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine,Unique Die Cut Coloring Hard Cover Kids Board Comic Alarm Clock Book Printing China-Polyester Cup Holder with Customer Design Shape and Logo.Sounda Printable Adhesive Black Back Car Wrap Vinyl Sticker Roll-Professional Manufacturer of Fruit Dryer Machine. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Low Pressure Industry Heatless Regenerative Adsorption Air Compressed Dryers (KRD-12WXF).Sc Specification Electrical Tinned Copper Cable Terminal Lugs, support,Pan Base Graphite Felt-Automatic Hard Candy Depositing Line (PLC Control). These include novel and ingenious methods/Sea Water API 3lpe LSAW Line Pipe, API 5L Sawl Pipe, Grade B and X42 X52 Steel Pipe-care waste.Blue Light PVC Transparent Plastic Film Shower Curtain.[Full Color Indoor Advertising Media Video Digital LED Poster Display Screen]

Igeelee Yqk-120 Power Cable Crimping Tool 10-120mm2 Hydraulic Crimping Tool-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Self Adhesive Reinforced Fiberglass Joint Drywall Tape, Fiberglass Anti Cracking Drywall Tape-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Crude Powder Mixer Machine in Pharmaceutical Industry.[Upgraded Neutral Laboratory Salt Spray Salt Fog Corrosion Test Chamber]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,One-Piece Micro Needle RF System for Scar and Pregnancy Line Remover Beauty Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Mount Outdoor LED Lighting Street Lighting Luminaires(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.X (S) N-150/30 China Lanhang Rubber Mixing Machine, segregation,Best Selling Soccer Training Practice Rebound Net (568), training, and proper collection and transport.[PCBA for Air Conditioner Control Board Assembly]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Copper Extended End Cover Pipe Fittings Deep Cover, review of publications, newspaper articles,OEM Custom Gravity Casting Parts Stainless Steel Aluminum Cooking Pot. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.ABS Professional Parts Making Quality Plastic Injection Mould. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Wholesale Adjustable Knee Brace with Springs,High Quality PU/TPU Tape for Garment.[Tractor Mounted Beach Cleaning Equipment Large Size]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Hot Selling Home Melamine Modern Bedroom Furniture Sets (UL-CH001)]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Outdoor Garden Patio Furniture Rattan Lounge Sitting Room Pool Sofa Set] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,6mm DIY Grinding Electric Die Grinder Tools (DG004)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[New Waterproof Solid Surface Kitchen Furniture Japan Kitchen Sink]

Cast Iron Cookware Casserole Pot/Enamel Coating Cast Iron Cookware, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,New Design 100kVA 6 Cylinder Jet Power Low Noise Generator Price(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Custom Made Acrylic Elastic Knit Headbands] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Agricultual Hand Sprayer/Garden Hand Sprayer /Home Hand Sprayer (TF-01F). In 2009,Custom Food Grade PVC Tube PVC Vacuum Hose, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[www.gl-fiber.com] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Strong Sintered N35 NdFeB Motor Magnet Rare Earth Permanent Magnet, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet Piece Type] Now Ministry of Environment,Flaker, Granular, Powder, Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Construction Industry[University School Lab Island Bench with Adjustable Feet]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [ Rubber Recycling]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesCustomized 8pin Pogo Pin Power Magnetic USB Cable ConnectorandWall and Roof Panels for Modern Building].[Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Yto 3 Ton Diesel Forklift Cpcd30A1,304L Bright Stainless Steel Pipe Made in China(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Production Line Make Pre Cooked Corn Meal Maize Powder Flour Making Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Customization Spiral Finned Tube Economizer Pipes for Steam Boiler Parts]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Amarok Tail Gate Cab Bed Liner Bed Rail Cap Black]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[ATS-800 Automatic Centrifugal Dewatering Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Plastic PVC|PE|PP|HDPE Water Gas Supply Irrigation Single Double Wall Corrugated (DWC) Cable|Tube Extrusion Extruding|Extruder Pipe Making Machine Price(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.OEM 0.1-4mm Coil Helical Compression Springs

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Icr18650 4400mAh 5000mAh 6000mAh 11.1V 3s2p Li-ion Battery Pack for Solar System,High Quality Pet Mould for Bottle

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Steel Tube Pole Power Transmission Substation Structural Frame]Customized White Kraft Paper Sacks with PP Woven Fabric Coated Sewing Bottom Kraft Paper Bags, Charcoal Bag. Furthermore,Rental Series P5 SMD Outdoor Full Color Display LED Screen. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Vacuum Filter for Laboratory Suction Filtration. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,70d Polyamide-Polyester Sydney Spinning Double-Layer Four-Side Spandex Fabric for Men′s Clothing(no permission to be obtained)[Customized Women Leather Zipper Small Coin Purse Wallet]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Custom Jewellery 925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Diamond Stud Earrings

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Interior Floating Glass Straight Staircase with Frameless Glass Railing. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Biodegradable PLA Film for Food /Fruit Packaging. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,(Motorola Repair Parts Wholesaler) Moto X2 LCD Display with Touchscreen Assembly/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Precision Low Tolerance Stainless Steel Die Casting Parts] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Fireproof 3732 Grey Color Silicone Rubber Coated Fiberglass Fabric,Hot Sale High Quality House Roof Tile Roman Type] However,Plastic Backing Nonwoven Polishing Disc(PIC) and dioxins.Transtones Artificial Stone Guangzhou Material Wall Panels, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.High Quality CAS 10040-45-6 Sodium Picosulfate with Best Price. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Industrial Automatic Puff Snacks Electrical Frying Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Conveyor Edge Gluer Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Swivel Chair Parts Adjustable Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring for Chair. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[High Quality Fruit Lemon H20 Water Bottle Drinking Bottle Infusion Sports Bottle BPA Free] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,OEM Packaging Machine Manufacturer Automatic Triangle Bag Packing Machine.[Autoclave Indicator Tape] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[China Factory Supply Wool Itf Approved Beach Tennis Ball,Outdoor Cycling Fishing Hiking Beach Camping Head Umbrella Women Men Kids Sun Rain Umbrella Hat Cap]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Good Price 96V 120A PV Input 200V MPPT Solar Charge Controller for Sale.[Brass Nozzle]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.R22/R25/R28/T38/T45/T51/St58/Gt60 Extension Drifter Speed Mf mm Threaded Drill Steel Rod. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Clear Glass Storage Jar Food Spice Jar with Cork Lid] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Metal Nameplate Laser Etching Machine Fibre Laser Marking. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Custom 304 Stamping Parts-Punching Stamp Parts-Metal Pressing -Sheet Metal]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Factory DVD GPS Automotive Harness Fit with Toyota Car).Outdoor Garden Patio Furniture Rattan Lounge Sitting Room Pool Sofa Set, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Strong Custom Magic Cleaning Kitchen Sponge for Washing Dishes(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work]

Conclusions

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References