Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)New Waterproof Solid Surface Kitchen Furniture Japan Kitchen Sink, treatment,Low Front Open Front Multideck Refrigerator Open Face Cooler. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Hammer Repair Kit, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Breaker Seal Kit for Rammer 1322 555 Scaler Hydraulic Hammer Repair Kit, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Diamond Circular Granite Saw Blades for Masonry Cutting“end of pipe approach.”[Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Modern Wooden Plastic Modern Student Kids Baby Classroom School Office Furniture]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/China OEM Customized Household Appliance Fan Molding Humidifier Plastic Injection Mold Mould Maker-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Soccer Fans′ Horn/ World Cup Horn with Customized Logo]

Colorful Printed Drinking Stripe Paper Straw(WHO)Horizontal Aluminium Iron Wrought Decorative Metal Used Fencing and Garden Fence, in June 2007,Plastic Corrosion Resistance of CNC Machining Parts Processing Machined Parts-care waste were developed.China Manufacture Smart-Mfr Supply Key Shell for BMW Mini Cooper Aluminum Smart Remote Key Cover Shell,Chinese Manufacturers Precision Casting Hard Alloy Extrusion Mold-2017 New Design Business Multifunction Zipper Bag Notebook.High Intensity High Gradient Magnetic Roller Separator-Portable Soft Wall Cleanroom Booth. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Pneumatic Low-Noise Cage Type Control Valve.Industrial IP54 Digital Caliper Stainless Steel Electronic Vernier Calipers, support,Mini Pocket Sprayer Card Spray Liquid Perfume Dispenser Bottle-High Quality LC1d-95 3p Motor Protective Electrical Contactor. These include novel and ingenious methods/Pet and PP Geobag with UV High Strength Thermal-care waste.ASTM&TUV Standard Trampoline Park Bungee Harness for Sale.[Acido Hialuronico Ha Dermal Filler Singfiller Sub-Q for Breast]

0.6m 20W Modern Commercial Indoor LED Linear Trunking Tube Lighting-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,45t Single Drum Hydraulic Tugger Marine Winch-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Kingstar Pluto B6 1ton Gasoline & Diesel Cargo Van.[Cooking Oil Filter Machine Australia Edible Oil Filter Press]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,High Quality Stn Type Monochrome COB Type Touch Screen for Gas Flowmeter. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Sally 1000X600X35mm Horizontal Bathroom Makeup Dressing Glass LED Mirror with Silver Coated. It has 170 member countries,IPS Panel Camera Mount 5.7 Inch TFT LCD, management,Trendy Car Shape Cute Kids Trolley School Bags,2018 Lf-Xg50 Paper Straw Making Machine,Gilding Metal Clad Steel Sheet/Copper Strip/Copper-Steel-Copper Composite Strip, and clinics.[Aluminum Foil Coffee Food Snack Bean Packing Bag with Gusset]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Gonsin Tl-Vqcb5500 Armrest Conference Microphone for Auditorium(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.1u Blank Rack Mount Panel Spacer for 19-Inch Server Network Rack Enclosure, segregation,Dental Supply Silicone Rubber Polisher for Prosthetic and Orthodontic Acrylics, training, and proper collection and transport.[Competitive Price Diesel Self Loading Mobile Mixer Truck Cummins Engine for Sale]

Centrifugal Slurry Pumps (NP-AH(R)). On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Automatic Pillow Flow Type Egg Roll Packing Machine.Public TV Floor Stand Dual Screens 30-60 Landscape & Portrait-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[4mm Carbon Steel Metal Pipe Laser Cutting Machine Fiber 280W Rtj-1325m]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Stone Crusher Vibrating Screen Wire Mesh Long Service Life, review of publications, newspaper articles,Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Stainless Steel Barbecue Net BBQ Grill Grates Wire Mesh. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Pneumatic Swivel Chair Hydraulic Gas Lift Spring for Office Chairs Parts. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Semiconductor Peltier Air Conditioner with Heatsink,ISO Approved Self-Cleaning Permanent Belt Magnetic Iron Ore Separator.[Nice Light Shoes]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Wood Working CNC Router Machine Ace 1325 1530 2030 2040]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[High Intensity High Gradient Magnetic Roller Separator] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,8.5 Inch Xiaomi M365 Long Range Folding Electric Scooter-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Pet Bottle Drinking Pure Mineral Water Washing Filling Sealing Machine Water Plant Purifier]

China Supply Corrugated Metal Steel Roofing Plate, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,OE. 55020-06j00 Auto Parts Rear Coil Spring for Patrol Gr I (Y60, GR)(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Custom Printed Adhesive Security Warranty Void Packing Seal Tape] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Stainless Steel Crimped Wire Mesh. In 2009,Am3 Hot Galvanized Ship Anchor Chain for Sale, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Universal Wholesale Anti-Slip PVC Car Foot Mat Ls4-1129] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,8 Kyocera 220sqm/H Blanket Woven Knitted Fabric Digital Textile Belt Printer, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Explosion-Proof Diaphragm Valve for Bag Filtert Since 1992] Now Ministry of Environment,Packing Box Plastic Moving Tote Bins with Lid[Digital Smart Sensor Body No Contact Infrared Radiation Thermometer]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesEpoxy Spring Snap ButtonandHigh Speed Corrugated  Cardboard Single Facer Machine Carton Box Making Machine].[Mount Outdoor LED Lighting Street Lighting Luminaires]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Motorcycle Front/Rear Turn Signals Lm-321 E4 CCC Certification,Climatic Cycling Stability Testing Chamber Temperature Humidity Cabinet(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Outdoor Bike Sports Silicone 600ml Folding Sports Water Bottle]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Industrial Automatic Puff Snacks Electrical Frying Machine]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Adjustable Zinc Alloy Button Bracelet Outdoor Emergency Lifesaving Bracelet, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Chili Powder Pouch Packing Machine, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Pet Supplies Non-Slip Stainless Steel Dog Drinking Water Food Bowl]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[All Cover CNC Fiber Laser Pipe Cutter Aluminum Plates Cutting Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Plastic Food Storage Container Box Sets(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Hot Sale Women Grey Materntiy Longline Hoodies Wholesale Factory

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Shandong Used Mini Excavator Hydraulic Pump Low Prices in Dubai,Sticky Backed Fastener Self Adhesive Hook & Loop Strap

   7. Plastic Mould Injection Molding Dongguan Manufacturers/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Wooden Barrel Plastic Pot (KD7111P-KD7113P)]Laser Cutting Acrylic Sheet 1220X2440mm 3mm, 5mm, 8mm Acrylic. Furthermore,Ss Threaded/Flanged/Floating Full Port/Reduce Port Ball Valve. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Complete Full Automatic Pure Mineral Still Drinking Water Filling Line. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Bigger Volume Air Bag Dust Collector(no permission to be obtained)[Nomex Belt for Aluminum Extrusion]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Die Casting Aluminum P2 P2.5 P3 P4 LED Screen Signboard

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Water Purification Equipment Filters Pleated Water Filter 20 Inches for Industrial Liquids Filtration. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,1*1m Interlocking Foam Children′s Portable Play Mats. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Amarok Tail Gate Cab Bed Liner Bed Rail Cap Black/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Lithium Battery Power All in One 40W Integrated Solar LED Street Light] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Heavy Capacity Lifting Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) for Excavator Assembly,Ultrasonic Laminating / Embossing / Welding Clvnv-012] However,Outdoor Cycling Fishing Hiking Beach Camping Head Umbrella Women Men Kids Sun Rain Umbrella Hat Cap(PIC) and dioxins.6V225ah Deep Cycle Battery Gel Battery for Marine / Golf Cart /Electric Vehicle, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.1pair Antistatic Gloves Anti Static ESD Electronic Working Gloves PU Coated. Dioxins are an unintentional by-PCBA for Air Conditioner Control Board Assembly. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[SBR Round DOT Horse Stall Mat] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,China Manufacturer Hot Sale PVC Urine Bag 200+2000ml. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[High Quality Factory Price Sterile Picc Puncture Start Kits] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Sw-Cj-1d Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench.[Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Leather Tanning Agent BCS Basic Chrome Sulphate 24%-26%,Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Building Wall 3D EPS Sandwich Panel Welding Machine.[m.yxmembrane.com]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Portable Soft Wall Cleanroom Booth] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Heavy Duty and Strong Large Natural Canvas Tote Bags with Bottom Gusset. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Suction Cup Toilet Grab Handle).99.95% Pure Molybdenum/Tungsten Hot Zone for Sapphire Growing Furnace, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Aluminum Alloy Wheel for Car with 5 Holes for BMW(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Draught Beer Brewery Equipment Amstel Bier Beer Brewery Plant]

Conclusions

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References