Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)China Factory Supply Wool Itf Approved Beach Tennis Ball, treatment,Heavy Duty Lid Stay Soft Close Lip Stay Support Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,ODM/OEM 8021 Aluminum Foil for Pharmaceutical Packaging Battery Packs Meal Box Materials Ptp etc, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,ODM/OEM 8021 Aluminum Foil for Pharmaceutical Packaging Battery Packs Meal Box Materials Ptp etc, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Tianrui A Type automatic egg chicken layer cage feeding system“end of pipe approach.”[Plastic Extruder Machine 16mm-800mm Water Conduit Drainage PVC Pipe Extrusion Line]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Dimmable White Silver Shell Shouing Ceiling Lamp 15W LED Downlight]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Indoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 95)-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Dg203 Medical Equipment Battery Power Home Using Electric Mobile Patient Transfer Lift]

Dn-6 Fully Automatic and Computer Controlled Single-Needle Quilting Machine(WHO)HDMI VGA DVI AV Input 55inch electronic whiteboard white board, in June 2007,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Saw Blade for Metal Diamond Tool-care waste were developed.CNC Machinery Industrial Parts and Tools Fitness Equipment Accessories Medical Tube Plastic Extrusion Machinery Industrial Part,Hot Fashion Colored Crystal Glass Ornaments Bulk Glass Tealight Candle Holder Centerpiece-Modern Wooden Plastic Modern Student Kids Baby Classroom School Office Furniture.1000VDC 30A T Branch Mc4 Solar DC Connector for PV Photovoltaic System (4 TO 1)-Hypoallergenic 100% Polyester Microfiber Duvet. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-China Flat Knitting Machine Manufacturer.Industrial Filter Bag for Dust Collector, support,Rigid Malleable Iron Clamp Back Spacers-Transparent Clear Acrylic OPP Carton Packing Tape. These include novel and ingenious methods/Back-Sealing Automatic Packaging Machine- Stainless Steel-care waste.Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine.[Full Automatic Servo Type Blow Moulding Machine]

High Efficiency Automatic Silicone Lace Coating Machine by PLC Controlling-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Flexible DC12V/24V SMD 2835 3528 Blue Christmas Light LED Strip-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,360 Degree Maverick Angler Fishing Kayak with Rotating Seat.[Kickstand TPU PC Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 7c/Enjoy 8/Nova 2 Lite/Y7 2018/=Y7 PRO 2018/Y7 Prime]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Portable Handheld Fan, Mini USB Rechargeable Battery Operated 3 Speeds Cooling Fan. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

4X4 Car Roof Luggage Aluminum Alloy Profile Roof Rack. It has 170 member countries,Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes, management,Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Lucky Key Necklace for Women,Mining Vacuum Ceramic Disc Filter/Ceramic Filter/Disc Filter/Disc Vacuum Filter,Aluminum CNC Turning Metal Milling Machining Parts, and clinics.[Sequin Appliques Rainbow 5mm Adhesive Sticker Felt Shapes Circles Felt]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Adjustable Office Commercial Suspended Pendant LED Aluminum Channel Profile for Ceiling Light(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Custom Embroidered Socks christmas Cute Thermal Funky Cotton Socks, segregation,Good Direct Manufacturer Customer Metal 3D Award Medals, training, and proper collection and transport.[1kw 1.5kw 2kw 5kw Wind-Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Power System DIY Solar Panel System]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Ambarella A12 Body Worn Camera for Police 4G WiFi IP65 1080P Police Wearable Body Camera, review of publications, newspaper articles,Pre Engineered Light Steel Structure Building. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,LED Highbay Light Warehouse Lighting 100W LED UFO Highbay Light. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.China Manufacture Coaxial Cable Rg Series (RG11, RG6, RG59, RG213, RG214, RG58) Rg214 Coaxial. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Wholesale Scc638 High Efficiency Water-Based Cutting Fluid in Hot Sale,Swiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts.[Gold-Plated Holes Tube Heater]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Outdoor Full Printed Folding Gazebo Canopy Tent for Promotion Event] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,IGBT 5kg Steel Induction Melting Furnace-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Automotive Industry Machine by Sonic Welding Equipment]

Scaffold Sealed Steel Plank/Metal Deck for Construction Site, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,White HPL 600*600mm Coffee Table(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Diamond Circular Granite Saw Blades for Masonry Cutting] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Aluminum Perfume Bottle with Sprayer. In 2009,16mm Colorful PP Playground Combination Rope for Net, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[m.hanyingcultural.com] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Vertical Weighing Filling Packaging Packing Machine for Food, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[HDMI Cable Support 3D 4K and 2160p High Speed HDMI Cable with Ethernet] Now Ministry of Environment,Threaded Male Nipple Stainless Steel Air Fittings Plug Pneumatic Quick Connector[One-Piece Micro Needle RF System for Scar and Pregnancy Line Remover Beauty Machine]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Biodegradable Disposible Straw Pulp Food Box Ppp-1007]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesMulti Functional Professional Long Nose Plierand1080P 4CH/8CH Mobile DVR with GPS 3G 4G WiFi G-Sensor Optional for Bus/Truck/Taxi/Vehicles].[Sj-65 Steel Pipe Plastic Coated Machinery Extruder]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Upgraded Neutral Laboratory Salt Spray Salt Fog Corrosion Test Chamber,Jiayu Jrr Series Heat Regenerated Adsorption Air Dryer(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Customized Hot Rolled Bimetal Steel Plate Wear Resistant Steel Plate]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[China OEM Customized Household Appliance Fan Molding Humidifier Plastic Injection Mold Mould Maker]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Manufacturers Selling High-Quality Food Grade Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous for Food Additives, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. European Market Full HD RJ45 LAN Port DVB-T2 H. 265 TV Receiver, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Hot Sale Women Grey Materntiy Longline Hoodies Wholesale Factory]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Transparent Clear Acrylic OPP Carton Packing Tape]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Auto Shock Absorber Spring for Mazda Automobile Suspension Part(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Hot Sale 4 Seater Fast Food Dining Room Set

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Popular New Products Car Accessories Braking System Truck Spare Parts Semi Metal Brake Pad,Best Selling High Quality Automatic Palletizing Robot Machine Manipulator

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Stainless Steel304/316 Fast Connection Ring Hook for Building Hardware]Wine Cocktail Decoration Biodegradable Paper Straw. Furthermore,Pet Supplies Non-Slip Stainless Steel Dog Drinking Water Food Bowl. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Beauty Salon Anti Aging Omegan LED Light Therapy Machine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame(no permission to be obtained)[Shot Gun Hot Stick with 1.4m 10kv Fiberglass Operating Rod]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Manfuacture for Galvanized Wire Mesh Welded Mesh Fence

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Hot! Steel Hospital Treatment Cart Emergency Trolley for Patient. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Retekool Ds18b20 Waterproof 3-Wire Temperature Probe. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Fryer Equipment Potato Chip Banana Chips Frying Production Line Snack Food Processing French Fries Making Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Rated Capacity 2 Ton Ce Standard Diesel Forklift] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[OEM Motorcycle Automotive Auto Silicone Rubber Parts,Blackened Helical Large Damping Compression Spring for Medical Machinery Spring with ISO 19001 Certification (10*89*177*7.5)] However,Small Production Wheat Bran for Feed Making Line Animal Chicken Fish Feed Farm Equipment(PIC) and dioxins.Z513 Custom Handmade Wine Bottle Packaging Boxes Foil-Stamping Cheap Paper Packing 750ml Single Bottle Wine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.ISO Natural Organic Pumpkin Powder 100% Pumpkin Powder with Best Price. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Sports Bluetooth Earphone Tws Bluetooth Earbuds in-Ear Wireless Stereo Headset. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Cast Steel 4 Inch Non Rising Resilient Soft Seat Flanged Pn 16 Industrial Control Gate Valve Factory] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Cheap Price Automatic Plastic Glass Small Bottle Powder Filling Capping Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Surgical Shoe Cover Making Machine with Ultrasonic] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,200-300GSM PVC Coated Polyester Mesh for Outside Usage.[Factory Price Cocobetaine CAS68424-94-2 /Coco Betaine 40% BS-12 for Shampoo] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Manfuacture for Galvanized Wire Mesh Welded Mesh Fence,Wanshsin Wpf Planetary Gearbox (ratio: 3-100)]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Customized Arrow Wooden Timber Acoustic Wall Panels with Cheep Price.[Can Making Machinery]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Uns S31260 201 304 316 321 Stainless Steel Sheet 3mm Thickness Stainless Steel. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[ White Backlight] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,New Products Fishing Bags Fishing Tackle Outdoor Bags. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Curry Spices Packing Machine (XFG-F)]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Anti-Bacterial Hospital Waterproof Fireproof PVC Vinyl Flooring).China Hot Sale CNC Router 4 Axis CNC Milling Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Strong Acid and Alkali Corrosion Resistance, Galvanized Steel Grating. 404(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Smart Big 7L Hydroponic Integrated Planter with Garden Aquarium]

Conclusions

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References