Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Outdoor Garden Patio Furniture Rattan Lounge Sitting Room Pool Sofa Set, treatment,Strong Custom Magic Cleaning Kitchen Sponge for Washing Dishes. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Hydraulic Tipping Mini Dumper 500kgs Used for Farm Work or Construction Works, with Gasoline Motor All-Terrain Vehicle Crawler ED300b, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Hydraulic Tipping Mini Dumper 500kgs Used for Farm Work or Construction Works, with Gasoline Motor All-Terrain Vehicle Crawler ED300b, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Hala Certified Chinese Supplier Instant Black Tea Extract“end of pipe approach.”[Fast Build Modern Prefabricated House for Labour Camp]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Semi-Automatic Headlight Tester/Headlamp Tester/Automobile Headlight Detector]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/99.95% Pure Ground Molybdenum Bars-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[250VAC Push Plinger Waterproof Mini Limit Switch]

1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 Bsp Male Thread Pipe Fitting X 6 8 10 12mm Od Barb Hose Tail Reducer Fitting Multi Size Stainless Steel 304(WHO)Household 8011 1235 8006 Alloy Aluminum Foil in Jumbo Rolls, in June 2007,4 Spindles Fully Automatic Non Stop Rewinding Machine-care waste were developed.Iron Stainless Steel Coil Nails Screw Shank for Pallet,Universal Type-C Power Socket Pd Fast QC3.0 USB Charger-Waterproof LED Flash Shoe Light Crystal Epoxy Resin.Military Camp Usage Comfortable Practical Modular Container House-Fufeng Xanthan Gum 80/200mesh Big Supplier in China. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-3D PVC Free Peel and Stick Non Woven Printable Wallpaper Material.BS5896-2012 15.70mm Super 7 Wire PC Steel Strand, support,China Manufacturer 3D Foam Cutting Machine-950 Mechanical Seal Water Pump Mechanical Seal. These include novel and ingenious methods/Jaws End Us Type Drop Forged Turnbuckle Rigging-care waste.Packaging Machine Automatic Weighing Filling Machine (AH-FJJ 100/300/500).[Cosmetic Brushes Free Sample]

Stock! ! Silica Gel Orange Beads 2-4mm for Moisture Adsorption-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Acrylic Non-Woven Fabric for Dust Collection Filter Bag-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Trending Fashionable Wool Multi Color Felt Tote Shopping Ladies Handbag.[Wash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker Printing]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,OEM SS304 Stainless Steel Sw Reducing Tee for Food Machinery. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Sj-65 Steel Pipe Plastic Coated Machinery Extruder. It has 170 member countries,Diamond Multi-Wire for Granite Slab Cutting/Diamond Wire for Granite Squaring, management,Lithium Battery Power All in One 40W Integrated Solar LED Street Light,MPO Sm Adaptor,Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film, and clinics.[Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Custom Made Acrylic Elastic Knit Headbands(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.3 Arms Acrylic Crystal Tea Light Candle Holder Candelabra for Wedding, segregation,OEM Motorcycle Automotive Auto Silicone Rubber Parts, training, and proper collection and transport.[45t Single Drum Hydraulic Tugger Marine Winch]

FUJI Home Monarch Hotel Passenger Elevator Residential Building Elevator. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Lead ECG Cable with High Grade TPU Shielded Stranded Tinned Copper.Anti-Static Frosted Polycarbonate Multi Wall Hollow Sheet for Public-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Wholesale High Quality Women′s Outdoor Hiking Boots]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.400mm UHP Graphite Electrode Factory Price/HP RP UHP Ge for Smelting, review of publications, newspaper articles,430HP Sitrak C7h 6X4 Tractor Heads, Prime Movers Rhd 390HP for Malawi. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,12 Inch Industrial Touch Screen Panel for Panel PCS, Touch Monitor, or Displays. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Supermarket PVC Price Label Holder for Hook. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Heat Transfer Silicone Roller for Thermal Transfer,OEM ODM Casting Parts Chain Wheel, Sprocket Wheel.[Vacuum Brazed Diamond Dry Cutting Saw Blade for Granite Marble Tile Steel]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Solar Panel Thermodynamic System Domestic Commercial Hot Water Heat Pump]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Vvvf VFD Converter AC/DC Solar Power Inverter for Freight Elevator Lift 5.5kw] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Load 100kg Light and Beauty Home Elevator for Person-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Anatase Titanium Dioxide TiO2 for Paint and Coating La101]

Decorative Stainless Steel 304 Ss Pipe Supplier, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,T Type Thermal Break Strip(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Chinese Supplier Anti Slip Lvt Vinyl Flooring Spc Floor. In 2009,Reflective Banner Flex (T7101), India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[All Type Heads Hydraulic Hose Fittings Suppliers/Manufacturers for Sale] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,400mm UHP Graphite Electrode with Nipples for Smelting, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Cast Iron Bucket/Sand Casting Basin/Ductile Iron Casting] Now Ministry of Environment,with Screw Nylon66 Saddle Type Cable Clip Cable Tie Mounts[T7411-T7414 Replace Ink Chips for Epson F7200/7280/7080 Inkjet Printers]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Kids Sneakers School Shoes for Girls with Design Wholesale High-Quality Custom Dropshipping Running Shoes]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables2017 Solar Garden Stake Light (RS-124)andChina 30 Mw Blue Dot Laser Module].[Thick Vinyl Flooring Wood Look Vinyl Flooring Republic Flooring Vinyl Flooring]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Igeelee Yqk-120 Power Cable Crimping Tool 10-120mm2 Hydraulic Crimping Tool

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

Diamond PDC Coring Bits

Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

Industrial Series Mbar Low Pressure Gauge with Phenolic Case

Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

22kw AC Charger with Type 2 Interface

The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Watch Kids Walkie Talkies Long Range Two Way Radio Watch for Children, Cool Outdoor Gifts for Boys and Girls,3D Lenticular Postcard 3D Printed Plastic Promotion 3D Gift Card(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[HDPE Vented Nestable and Stackable Plastic Fruit Vegetable Crate for Storage]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.9′′ 6CH 1080 HD Mobile Car DVR with Touch Screen, Support WiFi, 3G/4G, GPS, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 35 Degree 800mm/1000mm Escalator with Vvvf Auto Start Stop, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Hot Sale Cement/Concrete Electric Pole Making Machines in China]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[New Products Fishing Bags Fishing Tackle Outdoor Bags]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Ss Stainless Steel Female Thread Tee Gas Pipe Fitting(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.European Style Washroom Modern Bathroom Vanity, Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Small Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Ss (750W)

   5. Nonstick Preseasoned Cast Iron Steak Grill Pan Dia 11 Inch

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Pharmaceutical Cold Bottom Aluminum Foil for Blister Packaging (8011 8021 8079),Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)

   7. High Tension Grade 80 Alloy Black Chain/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Aluminium Die Casting Parts]from China to Mexico San Luis Potosi reliable low rates Shipping Logistics Air Freight Forwarder. Furthermore,75GSM Heat Transfer Sublimation Paper in High Transfer Rate. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Ozone Generator Plant for Water Treatment. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Dg203 Medical Equipment Battery Power Home Using Electric Mobile Patient Transfer Lift(no permission to be obtained)[White HPL 600*600mm Coffee Table]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,15kgs/Spool Aws A5.18 CO2 Gas-Shielded MIG Welding Wire Er70s-6

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,TUV Standard 2.5mm2 4mm2 6mm2 PV1-F DC Solar PV Cable. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Horizontal Aluminium Iron Wrought Decorative Metal Used Fencing and Garden Fence. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Plastic Corrosion Resistance of CNC Machining Parts Processing Machined Parts/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Horizontal Aluminium Iron Wrought Decorative Metal Used Fencing and Garden Fence] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Mini Metal Cheap CNC Plasma Cutting Machine,Metal Nameplate Laser Etching Machine Fibre Laser Marking] However,China Manufacture Smart-Mfr Supply Key Shell for BMW Mini Cooper Aluminum Smart Remote Key Cover Shell(PIC) and dioxins.Chinese Manufacturers Precision Casting Hard Alloy Extrusion Mold, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.2017 New Design Business Multifunction Zipper Bag Notebook. Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Intensity High Gradient Magnetic Roller Separator. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[E27 Led Corn Light] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Portable Soft Wall Cleanroom Booth. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Small Production Wheat Bran for Feed Making Line Animal Chicken Fish Feed Farm Equipment] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Pneumatic Low-Noise Cage Type Control Valve.[7/8 Inch Galvanized Steel Wire Strand/Guy Wire/Gay Wire/Stay Wie] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[1/2 Inch SUS 304 Hairline Stainless Steel AISI Round Pipe,Small Size Liquid Container with Cheap Price]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Industrial IP54 Digital Caliper Stainless Steel Electronic Vernier Calipers.[Paper Pulp Egg Tray]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Mini Pocket Sprayer Card Spray Liquid Perfume Dispenser Bottle. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Quality LC1d-95 3p Motor Protective Electrical Contactor. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Dental Supplier Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Pet and PP Geobag with UV High Strength Thermal).ASTM&TUV Standard Trampoline Park Bungee Harness for Sale, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,0.6m 20W Modern Commercial Indoor LED Linear Trunking Tube Lighting(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Shiny Laser Holo Powder Rainbow Chrome Manicure Holographic Pigment]

Conclusions

Public TV Floor Stand Dual Screens 30-60 Landscape & Portrait,Stone Crusher Vibrating Screen Wire Mesh Long Service Life-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Superior Fast Cutting Laser Welded Concrete Saw Blade in 450mm. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Stainless Steel Barbecue Net BBQ Grill Grates Wire Mesh. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Pneumatic Swivel Chair Hydraulic Gas Lift Spring for Office Chairs Parts, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Semiconductor Peltier Air Conditioner with Heatsink.ISO Approved Self-Cleaning Permanent Belt Magnetic Iron Ore Separator.

References