Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Winter Colorful Cute Fur Unicorn Slipper Shoes for Home, treatment,50X70mm Suspended Pendant Lights LED Aluminum Profile for LED Strip Lights. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Desktop Aluminum Alloy Magnetic Holder Phone Stand Mobile Phone Holder, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Desktop Aluminum Alloy Magnetic Holder Phone Stand Mobile Phone Holder, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Galvanized Normal Twisted Barbed Wire“end of pipe approach.”[Industrial Series Mbar Low Pressure Gauge with Phenolic Case]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Matt Gray 4.5 mm PVC Click Lock Vinyl Plank Flooring-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[HDPE Vented Nestable and Stackable Plastic Fruit Vegetable Crate for Storage]

Korea Glittery Heat Transfer Film /Vinyl for Clothes/T-Shirt Printing Cdg-16 Light Multi(WHO)Direct From Factory Easy Assembly Steel Structure Chicken Farm Building, in June 2007,Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-02B-2)-care waste were developed.6000bph Pure Water Mineral Water Bottling Packing Filling Machine for Water Production Line,Right Angle Worm Gearbox for Food and Beverage and Packaging Machines-Mens Slim Fit Long Sleeve Lightweight Zip-up Hoodie with Kanga Pocket.Tassel and Cross Pendant Earrings Charming 925 Silver Earrings-Fashion Floral Red Fabric Headband for Women Accessories. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Producing and Wholesales Safety Laminated Glass for Shower Room/Windowswalls/Fence.2/3/4 Wires COB 40W 50W LED Track Light with 15/18/25/38/60 Degree Beam Angle, support,Genuine Leather Big Couch 7 Seater Sofa Sectional Living Room Home Furniture Combination Arc Sofa Set Corner Sofa-All Cover CNC Fiber Laser Pipe Cutter Aluminum Plates Cutting Machine. These include novel and ingenious methods/Personal Design Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Metal Pin Badge with Gold Plating Custom Branded Nickle Plated Pin Badges (288)-care waste.Fashion Ladies Heeled Ankle Winter Boots.[Cnc Fiber Laser Menandai Machinew]

CK6150 Chinese Horizontal Cheap Flat Bed CNC Lathe Machine with Siemens system-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Rated Capacity 2 Ton Ce Standard Diesel Forklift-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Living Room Center Full-Long Dining Table.[Hot Sale Cement/Concrete Electric Pole Making Machines in China]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Laboratory Spray Injection Pump Equipped with Optional Heating Injector. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer. It has 170 member countries,Luxury Crocdile Grain Leather Designer Bags Laptop Backpack, management,New Type Versatile Electric Hand Pallet Jack,3PCS Air Horn Kit with Compressor,Cosmetic Black Paper Gift Packaging Box with Pink Silk for Scarf, and clinics.[New Products Fishing Bags Fishing Tackle Outdoor Bags]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Plastic Pet Preform Injection Molding Machine Price(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Waterproof Fireproof Spc Click Floor PVC Vinyl Floor Tile 4mm 5mm 6mmm, segregation,High Quanlity PTFE Thread Seal Tape, training, and proper collection and transport.[White HPL 600*600mm Coffee Table]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Turn Key Prefabricated Industrial Steel Structure for Workshop, review of publications, newspaper articles,Airlock Valve -B. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Best Price Clear Float Glass for Curtain Wall Glass. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Multi-Ply Fabric Ep Conveyor Belt for Stone,Hexagonal Plastic Plain Netting Plastic Mesh Plain Net Plastic Net Yl-037.[Rock Breaker Sj-400 Diesel Breaker with Best Capacity]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Mini Metal Cheap CNC Plasma Cutting Machine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Metal Nameplate Laser Etching Machine Fibre Laser Marking] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Aluminium Expanded Mesh (Expanded002)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Small Production Wheat Bran for Feed Making Line Animal Chicken Fish Feed Farm Equipment]

Licensed Kids Electric Ride on Car Audi Tt RS, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,100ml Pet Bottle with Bamboo Lotion Pump for Shampoo(HCF) in India across 20 states.[7/8 Inch Galvanized Steel Wire Strand/Guy Wire/Gay Wire/Stay Wie] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Art Liner: Aguja De Lipolisis En Oferta. In 2009,Seaweed Iodized Salt Rock Salt, Crystal Lamp, Rock Salt, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Vape Pen Oil Bulk Cbd Cartridge] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,80tph Brand New Mobile Drum Mix Asphalt Plant, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[1/2 Inch SUS 304 Hairline Stainless Steel AISI Round Pipe] Now Ministry of Environment,Operation Microscope for Ent &Dental[Small Size Liquid Container with Cheap Price]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesDental Supplier Lithium Disilicate Glass CeramicandNew Automatic Wall Plaser Wipe The Wall Machine Wall Machine].[Shiny Laser Holo Powder Rainbow Chrome Manicure Holographic Pigment]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Elastic Fabric Luggage Strap, Sofa Elastic Strap,10-120mm2 Cable Terminal Applicator for Crimping Machine Hydraulic Terminal Machine(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[High Quality Hotel Mini Bar Fridge Refrigerator with Solar Energy]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[High Quality Cleaning Microfiber Magic Spin Mop with Mop Bucket]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Top Grade Brazilian Virgin Hair 360 Lace Frontal Kinky Straight, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. LED for Skin Rejuvenation, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[HDMI VGA DVI AV Input 55inch electronic whiteboard white board]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[LED RGB Stage Effect Light Vision Curtain for Indoor Show]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Long Life Silver Plated Reset Slide Switch for Auto Parts(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Space-Saving Im1002 Magnetic Refrigerator Relay Used in Smart Grid Era

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,HDPE Vented Nestable and Stackable Plastic Fruit Vegetable Crate for Storage,Portable Picosure Laser Picosecond Tattoo Removal Machine for Skin Beauty

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Office Gift Set Promotional]3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer. Furthermore,Customized Women Leather Zipper Small Coin Purse Wallet. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Hls-120 High Quality Low Budget Mobile Portable Line Boring Machine for Excavator Digger. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Ce RoHS FCC LED Display Factory for Jewelry Shops Store Display Window Transparent LED Display(no permission to be obtained)[6.35mm Mono Plug to RCA Jack Adapter]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,12V 24V 54mm High Speed Electric DC Gear Motor

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Water Treatment Corrosion Inhibitor Acrylic Homopolymer (9063-87-0). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,1.6m Hydraulic Small Home Lift for Disabled. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Hot Sale High Quality House Roof Tile Roman Type/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[4 Column Hydraulic Press to Calibrate The Steel Pipe] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Wonderful Tinted Stained Colour Film Laminated Glass Decoration Glass,Good Insulated Real Estate Well Designed Labor Camp/Warehouse Prefab House] However,Hot Selling Glass Amber Color Beer Bottles 500 Ml Glass Bottle(PIC) and dioxins.Gym Equipment, Fitness, Body Building, Hammer Strength, Adjustable Bench (PRO Style) (HP-3056), waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Delight 300W Vertical Wind Solar Energy Street Light. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Outdoor Full Printed Folding Gazebo Canopy Tent for Promotion Event. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Oem Sheet Metal Fabrication High Quality Supplier] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,High Quality PVC Vinyl Flooring. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Adjustable Neck Brace /Rigid Plastic Cervical Collar with Chin/Cervical Support Strap] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Cheapest PU Leather Canvas Man and Women Travel Bag (RS-8651).[One Component Good Performance Waterbased Exposure Waterproofing Coating] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Bottle UV Sterilizer Baby Bottle UV Sterilizer Sterile Plastic Spray Bottles,Sc Specification Electrical Tinned Copper Cable Terminal Lugs]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.1kw 1.5kw 2kw 5kw Wind-Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Power System DIY Solar Panel System.[125khz Rfid Key Tag]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.ATS-800 Automatic Centrifugal Dewatering Machine. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Good Direct Manufacturer Customer Metal 3D Award Medals] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Colorful Highly Pigmented Eyeshadow Palette, Makeup Palette Long Lasting Waterproof. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Dental Pfm Crown From China Dental Laboratory]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (T7411-T7414 Replace Ink Chips for Epson F7200/7280/7080 Inkjet Printers).MC4 Connector Male and Female, Mc4 Solar Panel Connector 30A 1000V for PV Cable 2.5/4/6mm Solar Panel Connect, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,2 Gang 5pin Multi Socket with Neon Electrical Power Socket(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[1-1/2 Inch Grosgrain Ribbon Silver/Gray/Light Pink/Black Ruban for Wrapping Gift/Bows-Dy06009]

Conclusions

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References