Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine, treatment,Fast Build Modern Prefabricated House for Labour Camp. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,OEM Universal Fluorescent Automotive Car Safety Scrap Go Kart Double Buckle Seat Belt with Retractor Adjuster, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,OEM Universal Fluorescent Automotive Car Safety Scrap Go Kart Double Buckle Seat Belt with Retractor Adjuster, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,All in One Integrated Outdoor LED Solar Street Light Price List with Lithium / LiFePO4 Battery DC 12/24V 30W 40W 50W 60W 70W 80W 90W 100W 120W“end of pipe approach.”[2 Country Rustic Finish Wood Storage Crate Decorative Tray Carrier Boxes]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Custom Injection Molding Product ABS Plastic Injection]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Dual Pillow Tops Design 100% Natural 7 Zone Latex Mattress-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[First-Class DIP Soldering Machine for PCBA Production Line]

Stainless Steel, Low Carbon, High Carbon Flat Wire(WHO)High-Pressure Mushroom/Canning/Bottles Sterilization Pot/Stainless Steel Autoclave, in June 2007,Cummins auto diesel engine motor 6ISBE parts 4892338 starter motor-care waste were developed.2 Country Rustic Finish Wood Storage Crate Decorative Tray Carrier Boxes,Stainless Steel Square 4.3 Deodorization Invisible Floor Drain (FD-K065F)-Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine.Free Sample Chinese Black Wolfberry Powder-Matte Black Graduation Gown with Honor Cords. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Ductile Iron Flexible Coupling and Flange Adaptor.Top Quality Customized Hospital Wristband Free Artwork Silicon Rubber Watch, support,Egg Table Lamp Rechargeable Table Lamp Color Change Decoration Lamp-Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW). These include novel and ingenious methods/Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder-care waste.2PC/3PC Pn10/Pn16 Handlever Cast Steel Floating Ball Valve.[flame retardant solar cable 6mm]

Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor.[1*1m Interlocking Foam Children′s Portable Play Mats]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Digital Smart Sensor Body No Contact Infrared Radiation Thermometer. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

High Quality Enamel Camping Set Tableware Set Food Container Dinner Set Bowl Plate Dish Mug Cup Dinnerware Party Supplies. It has 170 member countries,Humizone Ultra Potassium Humate Leonardite Source Foliar Fertilizer, management,Modern Green 4 Person Cross Workstation with File Cabinet (CAS-W31456),OEM CNC Machine Aluminum and ABS Mock up Prototypes,Plastic Moldstamping Mould,Molding,Tooling for Air Machine ,Water Heater,Cooler,Cooling,Air Conditiner,Refrigerator,Washing Machine,TV,LED,Lighting,Auto Parts,, and clinics.[Bright Color Business Dress Men Crew Socks]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Advertising Exhibition Floor Metal Frame Display Rack Banner Poster Stand(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Hot Sale Supermarket Chiller Supermarket Cooler with Ce Certificate, segregation,Machine to Make Disposable Plates, training, and proper collection and transport.[Water Purification Equipment Filters Pleated Water Filter 20 Inches for Industrial Liquids Filtration]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Manufacturer Digitaizer Mobile Phone LCD for iPhone 6s LCD, review of publications, newspaper articles,BDS Digital Compass Military Marking Thermal Imaging Fusion Night Vision. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,High Purity Magnesium Ingot 99.99%, Factory Sale Metal Magnesium Ingots Price. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Aluminum Alloy Die Casting for Window/Door Hardware/Hinge (STK-ADC-167). Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,500mm Coil Diameter Hot-Dipped Galvanized Concertina Flat Wrap Razor Wire,Dual Head Medical Aluminum Stethoscope for Child.[Outdoor Park Street Lamp]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[ERW Welded BS4568 Galvanized Steel Pipe Class 3]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[17 X 15 Mesh Fiberglass Window Screen / Fly/Insect /Mosquito Mesh] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Best Price Food Grade Citric Acid Monohydrate-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[New Arrival Dark Blue Cement Pot with Wooden Stand]

Finks 41 Inch Spruce Sapele Folk & Acoustic Guitar Many Colors, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Ultrasonic Laminating / Embossing / Welding Clvnv-012(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Heavy Duty Electromagnet for Lifting Scrap MW5 Series] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Quality Softcover School Graduation Book Printing. In 2009,Disposable Plastic 28g Twist Blood Lancet, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Manual Semi Automatic Stainless Steel Metal Pipe Cutting Machine Manufacturer] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Digital Printing Light Weight UV Resistant Air Drone Race Gate, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[2018 Lf-Xg50 Paper Straw Making Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,First-Class DIP Soldering Machine for PCBA Production Line[Desktop Aluminum Alloy Magnetic Holder Phone Stand Mobile Phone Holder]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Non Woven Polishing Wheel for Stainless Steel]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesOptical Workstation Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-11)andWood Leather Strop].[2017 New Quick Charge QC3.0 Power Bank Mobile Charger]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Outdoor Portable Insulated Thermal Tote Cooler Bag for Lunch,Rubber Compound Two Roll Mill, Two Roll Mixing Mill(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Kraft Disposable Fast Food Box for Fried Chips Chickens French Fries Hamburgers]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Finks 41 Inch Spruce Sapele Folk & Acoustic Guitar Many Colors]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Good Quality Wall-Mounted Ozone Generator with 10g/H Ozone, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Flexible DC12V/24V SMD 2835 3528 Blue Christmas Light LED Strip]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Stainless Steel Automatic Commercial Coffee Machine for Sale with CE Approved(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Wood Log Debarker and Rounding Machine

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,5/16 Rubber Twin Welding Hose W. P 300psi,Blackened Helical Large Damping Compression Spring for Medical Machinery Spring with ISO 19001 Certification (10*89*177*7.5)

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Laser Bottl Cutter]Cheap White Pastry Packaging Box with Window. Furthermore,ASTM A269 317 Seamless Coil Tubes Stainless Steel Pipe Manufacturer. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Unique Die Cut Coloring Hard Cover Kids Board Comic Alarm Clock Book Printing China(no permission to be obtained)[Vegetable Cutter Kitchen Gadget 330ml Mini Size Handy Pull Chopper]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Polyester Cup Holder with Customer Design Shape and Logo

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Sounda Printable Adhesive Black Back Car Wrap Vinyl Sticker Roll. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,2016 Most Competitive Price of Calcium Chloride 74% 77% 94% 95%. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Excellent Performance Ultrasound Bone Densitometer/ Trolley Ultrasound Machine Price/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Effecient Mini Ozone Fridge Sterilizer for Cleaning Fridge] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Beauty Salon Anti Aging Omegan LED Light Therapy Machine,Stage Light Copy Robe Pointe 10r 280W Beam Spot Wash Moving Head Light 16 and 24 DMX Channels] However,Cups Plastic Container Custom Bento Box DC-16(PIC) and dioxins.Mount Outdoor LED Lighting Street Lighting Luminaires, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.X (S) N-150/30 China Lanhang Rubber Mixing Machine. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Best Selling Soccer Training Practice Rebound Net (568). These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Plastic Mould Injection Parts Manufacturing Factories Plastic Molding Company] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Widely Used Desktop 5-Axis Single Head Double Y Automatic Soldering Machine/Automatic Soldering Robot/Auto Soldering Iron Robot/Soldering Iron Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,LED Bracelet Silicone Bracelet for Parties Vocal Concert and Events.[Zl-300 Rotary Granulator with Meet GMP Standards] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[White Flake Calcium Chloride Dihydrate for Oil,Acrylic Non-Woven Fabric for Dust Collection Filter Bag]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Disc for Cutting Concrete.[Long Range Car Antenna]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Copper Extended End Cover Pipe Fittings Deep Cover. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Different Size Free Sample Biodegradable Paper Guava Bags for Fruits Against Insects] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,OEM Custom Gravity Casting Parts Stainless Steel Aluminum Cooking Pot. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi).ABS Professional Parts Making Quality Plastic Injection Mould, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Wholesale Adjustable Knee Brace with Springs(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Best Price Clear Float Glass for Curtain Wall Glass]

Conclusions

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References