Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)M16-M30 Metric Steel Hex Head Bolts Class10.9 High Strength Bolts, treatment,High Quality Polyester Retro Reflective Fabric for Clothing. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H3072), recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H3072), reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Wash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker Printing“end of pipe approach.”[Secondary Stainless Steel Coil and Sheet]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Mini Pocket Sprayer Card Spray Liquid Perfume Dispenser Bottle]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Hot Sale Lovely Shaped Water Filled Baby Soft Teether]

Popular Needle Free Jet Injection Hyaluronic Acid Pen for Skin Whitening(WHO)3D Modern Brick Interior Wallpapers 3D Paper Wall Decoration, in June 2007,Custom Injection Molding Product ABS Plastic Injection-care waste were developed.Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC,Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce-Plastic PPR Water& Electric Conduit Pipe Tube (extruder, haul off, cutting winding, belling) Extrusion Extruding Making Production Line Machine.High Quality Strong Aluminum Window Screen Door Mosquito Net Insect Net-Draught Beer Brewery Equipment Amstel Bier Beer Brewery Plant. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Insulation Top Hung Aluminum Awning Window with Mosquito Net.Hot Latest Sexy Womens Gym Wear Online, support,Semi Precious Stone Fashiong Natural Crystal Amethyst Beaded Charming Bracelet Jewellery-DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut. These include novel and ingenious methods/Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies-care waste.Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle.[aggpower]

Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,OEM Forklift Accessories of Alloy Steel in Investment Casting-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss.[Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Electric Heavy Duty Rail Guided Vehicle for Transportation. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)M-02 Round Shape Green Plastic Sprayed Garden Spade(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Measuring Wheel Foldable Meter Measuring Wheel HD03, segregation,120m PE Braided Fishing Line Carp Fishing Equipment 14lb, training, and proper collection and transport.[Load 100kg Light and Beauty Home Elevator for Person]

China Supplier Hard Ware Fittings Gas Spring for Tool Box. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Prefabricated Labor Accommodation House and Office.Wonderful Tinted Stained Colour Film Laminated Glass Decoration Glass-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Diamond Pattern Security Barbs Razor Wire]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.99% High Purity Alumina Ceramic Ball, review of publications, newspaper articles,Automatic Manual Free Switching PVD Coating Machine for Glass Metal. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Melamine Particle Board for Outdoor Usage/White Melamine Faced Veneer Chipboard. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining,Elastic Woven Casual Women Shoes Breathable Lady Shoes.[OEM Factory with Waterproof PE/CPE Disposable Shoe Cover]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Squeegee Blade]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[ Parties and Home Decor] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,1325 3 Heads Wood Kitchen Cabinet Door CNC Router-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Sally 1000X600X35mm Horizontal Bathroom Makeup Dressing Glass LED Mirror with Silver Coated]

3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Aluminum Height Adjustable Cane (SC-CR58-67)(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Office Workstation Desk Grommet Aluminum Furniture Wire Socket Box (HC-XH003-1)] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Stone Carving Sculpture Marble Garden Fountain with Planter Pot Fore Home Decoration. In 2009,100% Natural High Quality Freeze-Dried Blueberry Powder with Good Taste, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[LED RGBW Light for Stage Special Lighting] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Hot Sales Titanium Dioxide Anatase, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Light Duty Manhole Cover for Sale] Now Ministry of Environment,Teflon Paper for Heat Press[Laser Cutting Custom Clothing Garment Damask Woven Label]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesSmall Yellow Fish Plastic Expansion Bolt From China FactoryandCNC Turret Punch Press Machine/CNC Punching Stamping Machine].[China Manufacturer Supply Cassava Flour Machine in Tanzania]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Mining Machinery Sandvik Symons Nordberg Mantle Cone Crusher Parts,China Supplier European Standard 10 Ton Electric Wire Rope Hoist(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[1616590483 Oil Free Air Compressor Head for Atlas Copco Rotor]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Mining Machinery Sandvik Symons Nordberg Mantle Cone Crusher Parts]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.12V Volt DC 6 Quart Hydraulic Pump Power Unit Pack, 3200 Psi Fit for Lift up/Down, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Geometric Tall/Large Plants Glass Terrarium Planter Pot Box for Christmas Decorative, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Pre Engineered Light Steel Structure Building]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Clear Ampoules Made of Low Borosilicate Class and Glass Tubing]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Dry Cutting Segmented Concrete and Granite Diamond Cutting Saw Blade(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Dental Chair Foot Pad Dental Mat Cushion Seat Unit Dustproof Cover Protector

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,FUJI 8 Persons 630kg Stainless Steel Mirror Home Sightseeing Villa Hospital Passenger Elevator Lift for Sale,Multi-Rows on Edge Packaging Machine for Snacks

   7. Chicken Manure Fertilizer Plant Organic Pellets Fertilizer Machine Waste Fertilizer Production Line/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Wireless Remote Control Wafer Motorized Modulating Butterfly Valve]Marble granite Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Furniture. Furthermore,Vertical Cutting Machine Sponge Machine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,China Factory Supply Wool Itf Approved Beach Tennis Ball. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Heavy Duty Lid Stay Soft Close Lip Stay Support Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring(no permission to be obtained)[PVD Vacuum Coating Machine for Stainless Steel]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,ODM/OEM 8021 Aluminum Foil for Pharmaceutical Packaging Battery Packs Meal Box Materials Ptp etc

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Tianrui A Type automatic egg chicken layer cage feeding system. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Back-Sealing Automatic Packaging Machine- Stainless Steel. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Cummins auto diesel engine motor 6ISBE parts 4892338 starter motor] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Terracotta ASA Coated PVC Roofing Tile for Villa,Knapsack Brush Cutter Garden Shoulder Brush Cutter Gasoline Grass Trimmer Cutter] However,High Efficiency Automatic Silicone Lace Coating Machine by PLC Controlling(PIC) and dioxins.Flexible DC12V/24V SMD 2835 3528 Blue Christmas Light LED Strip, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.360 Degree Maverick Angler Fishing Kayak with Rotating Seat. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Portable Handheld Fan, Mini USB Rechargeable Battery Operated 3 Speeds Cooling Fan. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Carbon Spiral Welded Pipes] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,4X4 Car Roof Luggage Aluminum Alloy Profile Roof Rack. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[D Horizontal Multistage Diesel Booster Pump/Diesel Water Pump Sale] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes.[FUJI 8 Persons 630kg Stainless Steel Mirror Home Sightseeing Villa Hospital Passenger Elevator Lift for Sale] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Hot Air 25kg Pet Plastic Hopper Dryer for Injection Molding Machine,Waterproof Fireproof Spc Click Floor PVC Vinyl Floor Tile 4mm 5mm 6mmm]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Lucky Key Necklace for Women.[China Professional Mesh Belt Type Shot Blast Cleaning Equipment Manufacturer]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Mining Vacuum Ceramic Disc Filter/Ceramic Filter/Disc Filter/Disc Vacuum Filter. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Screw Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw/Fastener] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Aluminum CNC Turning Metal Milling Machining Parts. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Supply Round Shape Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar Jam Jar 200ml]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Adjustable Office Commercial Suspended Pendant LED Aluminum Channel Profile for Ceiling Light).Custom Embroidered Socks christmas Cute Thermal Funky Cotton Socks, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Good Direct Manufacturer Customer Metal 3D Award Medals(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce]

Conclusions

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References