Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Thick Vinyl Flooring Wood Look Vinyl Flooring Republic Flooring Vinyl Flooring, treatment,Hot Selling Cheap Wireless WiFi Router with SIM Slot. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Car Newest Megnet Phone Holder, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Car Newest Megnet Phone Holder, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Vegetable Cutter Kitchen Gadget 330ml Mini Size Handy Pull Chopper, String Pulling Food Slicer and Chopper“end of pipe approach.”[Low Front Open Front Multideck Refrigerator Open Face Cooler]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Jeans Denim Fabric Blanch Ozone Generator]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Quality Shape Woven Patch for Clothing/Dress/Cap/Shoe-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[0.42mm White Water and Heat Resistant Thermal Insulation Cloth]

Automotive Industry Machine by Sonic Welding Equipment(WHO)Anti-Slip TPU or PVC Tactile Indicator Paving Tile, in June 2007,Children Clothes Summer Girls Frock Kids Fashion Dresses-care waste were developed.Plastic Step Stool Kick Step Stool,Anti-Slip Home Floor Cover Vinyl Tile PVC Plastic Floor Wall Decor-LC/APC Simplex Single Mode Fiber Optic Coupler Adapter.Quality Precision Metal Die Casting with Sand Blasting for Auto Parts / Automotive Parts-Pneumatic Knife Gate Valve with Cylinder for Water Treatment. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-80GSM C2s Coated Glossy/Matt Art Paper for Printing.Msldt07 Single Arm Electric Anesthesia Pendant (hanging), support,Fast Delivery Custom Made Softcover Book Printing-Feelderma Cross Linked Ce Certified Ha Dermal Filler Hyaluronate Acid Gel. These include novel and ingenious methods/Zl-300 Rotary Granulator with Meet GMP Standards-care waste.Best Electric Ce&ISO Approved Dental Chair Dentist Tools List/Buy Dental Equipment Used/Old Dental Equipment.[Flexible Pvc Sheet]

EPS100 Nts100 Xns100 Common Rail Injector Test Bench-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Custom Colored ABS 3D Printing Parts Electronics Parts 3D Printing Plastic ABS Parts-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Quality Plastic Injection Mould Plastic Tooling Maker.[CNC Machinery Industrial Parts and Tools Fitness Equipment Accessories Medical Tube Plastic Extrusion Machinery Industrial Part]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,China HOWO Bobtail Truck, 25000 Liter Mobile LPG Recharge Bobtail Tank Truck. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Torsion Bar Press Brake/Bending Machine. It has 170 member countries,Long Service Life Automotive Wheel Hub Bearing with ISO Certificated (DAC377233-2RS), management,Smart Big 7L Hydroponic Integrated Planter with Garden Aquarium,3000K 28 in. L X 39 in W Hotel Bathroom Single Wall LED Lighted Mirror with Defogger,2019 Classic Casual Sneakers Custom Printed Canvas Men Shoes, and clinics.[High Efficiency Label Ribbons Calender Machine]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Used Paint Portable Spray Booth, Mobile Automatic Inflatable Spray Booth(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Fully Automatic Biodegradable Star Sealing Garbage Bag-on-Roll Plastic Trash Bag Making Machine Manufacturers, segregation,Polyester Auto Hanging Seat Back Collapsible Car Trunk Organizer, training, and proper collection and transport.[Resistant Flame Retardant Fiberglass Cloth Aluminum Foil Tape]

Professional Supply Galvanized Single Tube Tower. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,High Quality Rotary Industry Portable Diesel Engine Air Compressor (YSE160-8).Reflective Rubber Car Parking Block-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Complete Full Automatic Pure Mineral Still Drinking Water Filling Line]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Hospital Supply Medical Compressed Air System with Factory Price, review of publications, newspaper articles,MB-Z800 12-15t/H Wood Log Debarker 10t/H Automatic Bark Peeler Bark Peeling Machine. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Curry Spices Packing Machine (XFG-F). In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Tin Table Clock Kitchen Magnet Desk Clock Gift. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Acrylic Waterproof Coating to Protect Against Ponding Water on Flat and Low-Sloped Roofs,Down Lamp Tube Light Nickel Coating Plastic Metal Spring Manufacturer.[Tomato Bubble and High Pressure Washing Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Cummins Diesel Engine Electric Silent Power Generation 16kw -1100kw]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[100ml Pet Bottle with Bamboo Lotion Pump for Shampoo] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Single Chamber Tea Bag Machine with PLC Control/Empty Bag Reject Model//31 Years Factory for Tea Bag Packing Machine//-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[99.95% Pure Ground Molybdenum Bars]

Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Outdoor Waterproof Adjustable Wall Garden Lighting (KA-G702/B)(HCF) in India across 20 states.[BS5896-2012 15.70mm Super 7 Wire PC Steel Strand] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%4mm Carbon Steel Metal Pipe Laser Cutting Machine Fiber 280W Rtj-1325m. In 2009,Ceramic Finishing Titanium Instruments, Cataract Forceps, Vitreo-Retina Forceps, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Triangular Bending Fence] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,28mm Diameter 310S Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Poultry House Chicken Feed Silo] Now Ministry of Environment,Competitive Price Diesel Self Loading Mobile Mixer Truck Cummins Engine for Sale[Dual Fire Oil Burner with Good Performance]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Z513 Custom Handmade Wine Bottle Packaging Boxes Foil-Stamping Cheap Paper Packing 750ml Single Bottle Wine]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesLt Series Oil Burner Applied in Steam BoilerandCarrying Medical Trolley].[Semi Precious Stone Fashiong Natural Crystal Amethyst Beaded Charming Bracelet Jewellery]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

Cooling and Condensation of Process Air

Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,PVD Vacuum Coating Machine for Stainless Steel, Metal, Ceramic, Mosaic,15ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Black Gold Transparent Acrylic Plastic Airless Cosmetic Lotion Pump Bottle for Personal Care(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Steam Rotary Joints Oil Swivel Coupling Air Rotating Union]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[BS-2073b High Level Biological Microscope for College Education]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Betaine Anhydrous 98% Food Grade Good Quality Competitive Price, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Steel Toe-Cap High Cut Winter Boots with Wool Lining Ax05057, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[LED Highbay Light Warehouse Lighting 100W LED UFO Highbay Light]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[SS304 SS316 M6 M8 M10 DIN557 Stainless Steel Square Thin Nut]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Headway Horizon UHP Car Tire 205/50zr17(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Shower Room G79z21L Wholesale Price High Grade 304SUS Sliding Glass Bathroom Luxury

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Muli-Functional Police Chain Handcuff Cuff

   5. Heat Exchanger in Heating, Cooling and Condensation of Process Air

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,PLC Servo Piston Liquid Bottle Oil Detergent Shampoo Disinfectant Bleaching Soap Cleaner Corrosive Bottling Filling Machine,Factory Price Cocobetaine CAS68424-94-2 /Coco Betaine 40% BS-12 for Shampoo

   7. Qingdao Us Type Load Binder Lever Chain Tensioner/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Beverage Bottle / Jar Blowing Machinery]Plastic Machinery for Producing IC Electronics Package Pipe. Furthermore,800mm Slurry Shield MTB Machine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Screw Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw/Fastener. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Epoxy Spring Snap Button(no permission to be obtained)[Xl Mill Rolls Cast Steel Rolls]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Winday Ground Source Heat Pump for Water Chiller. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Kitchen Cookware Dinner Cooking Large Size Stainless Steel Soup Pot. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Downlight IP65 8W CCT Changeable Fire Rated LED Down Light with Bezel Changeable/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Vp-0100 Intelligent Electric Valve Actuator Rotary Valve Motorized Actuator Low Torque Actuator for Ball Valve Butterfly Valve Quarter Turn Electric Actuator] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Dn-6 Fully Automatic and Computer Controlled Single-Needle Quilting Machine, Monogram Patch] However,Yangtze 12V 18ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Charger Module(PIC) and dioxins.Gas Spring for Cabinet Door (YQL), waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Rubber PVC Food Grade Conveyor Belt System Manufacturers Stainless Modular Conveyor Belt. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Good Price Fiberglass Roofing Material Goethe Types Architecture Shingle for Luxury Villa. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Cotton Ripstop Fabric 65/35 Poly Cotton Blend Fabric] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Clear Glass Storage Jar Food Spice Jar with Cork Lid. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[X (S) N-150/30 China Lanhang Rubber Mixing Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Machining Spare Part CNC Machined High Volume Aluminum Parts.[Sanitary Stainless Steel SS304/SS316L CIP Return 2.2kw Self-Priming Pump] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Pan Base Graphite Felt,Plastic Backing Nonwoven Polishing Disc]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Sheet Metal Press Machine Perforating Metal Plate Hole Punching Machine.[Disposable PS Foam Plates Egg Box Making Machine]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.6.35mm Mono Plug to RCA Jack Adapter. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[12V 24V 54mm High Speed Electric DC Gear Motor] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Army Camouflage Cotton Plain T Shirt with Short Sleeve. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[12V DC PV Panel Lighting Kit Emergency Lamps Shed Lights Energy Saving Lamp]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Small Clear Glass Spray Bottles for Aromatherapy Essential Oils).Modern Design Steel Structure Broiler Chicken Ground System, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,1t Sealed Pressure Storage Moveable Tank for Chemical, Transportion, Cosmetic, Gel(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Diamond Multi-Wire for Granite Slab Cutting/Diamond Wire for Granite Squaring]

Conclusions

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References