Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Dual Fire Oil Burner with Good Performance, treatment,Clear Glass Mineral Water Bottle/ Water Glass Bottle. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,1616590483 Oil Free Air Compressor Head for Atlas Copco Rotor, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,1616590483 Oil Free Air Compressor Head for Atlas Copco Rotor, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Nomex Belt for Aluminum Extrusion“end of pipe approach.”[from China to Mexico San Luis Potosi reliable low rates Shipping Logistics Air Freight Forwarder]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[5050 Flexible IP67 Silicone Tube LED Strip]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Sightseeing Outside Lift Elevator 6 Person Size-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy]

Hky Automatic Steel C Purlin Roll Forming Machine(WHO)Laundry Extracting Machine/ Hydro Extractor for Gloves (SS75), in June 2007,C130L Hog Ring Gun for Cabin, Bag Closure-care waste were developed.Different Size Free Sample Biodegradable Paper Guava Bags for Fruits Against Insects,Biodegradable PLA Film for Food /Fruit Packaging-(Motorola Repair Parts Wholesaler) Moto X2 LCD Display with Touchscreen Assembly.Plastic Backing Nonwoven Polishing Disc-Transtones Artificial Stone Guangzhou Material Wall Panels. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-High Quality CAS 10040-45-6 Sodium Picosulfate with Best Price.Industrial Automatic Puff Snacks Electrical Frying Machine, support,Swivel Chair Parts Adjustable Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring for Chair-OEM Packaging Machine Manufacturer Automatic Triangle Bag Packing Machine. These include novel and ingenious methods/Good Price 96V 120A PV Input 200V MPPT Solar Charge Controller for Sale-care waste.R22/R25/R28/T38/T45/T51/St58/Gt60 Extension Drifter Speed Mf mm Threaded Drill Steel Rod.[Mini Air Purifier]

Metal Nameplate Laser Etching Machine Fibre Laser Marking-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Factory DVD GPS Automotive Harness Fit with Toyota Car-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Outdoor Garden Patio Furniture Rattan Lounge Sitting Room Pool Sofa Set.[High Frequency Automatic Straight Seam Water Pipe Welding Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Strong Custom Magic Cleaning Kitchen Sponge for Washing Dishes. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Hydraulic Tipping Mini Dumper 500kgs Used for Farm Work or Construction Works, with Gasoline Motor All-Terrain Vehicle Crawler ED300b. It has 170 member countries,Hala Certified Chinese Supplier Instant Black Tea Extract, management,99.95% Pure Ground Molybdenum Bars,1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 Bsp Male Thread Pipe Fitting X 6 8 10 12mm Od Barb Hose Tail Reducer Fitting Multi Size Stainless Steel 304,Household 8011 1235 8006 Alloy Aluminum Foil in Jumbo Rolls, and clinics.[3D Modern Brick Interior Wallpapers 3D Paper Wall Decoration]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)4 Spindles Fully Automatic Non Stop Rewinding Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Iron Stainless Steel Coil Nails Screw Shank for Pallet, segregation,Universal Type-C Power Socket Pd Fast QC3.0 USB Charger, training, and proper collection and transport.[Qingdao Us Type Load Binder Lever Chain Tensioner]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.3D PVC Free Peel and Stick Non Woven Printable Wallpaper Material, review of publications, newspaper articles,BS5896-2012 15.70mm Super 7 Wire PC Steel Strand. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,China Manufacturer 3D Foam Cutting Machine. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.950 Mechanical Seal Water Pump Mechanical Seal. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Jaws End Us Type Drop Forged Turnbuckle Rigging,Packaging Machine Automatic Weighing Filling Machine (AH-FJJ 100/300/500).[Portable Travel Bath Set]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Fashion Ladies Heeled Ankle Winter Boots]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[ABS Professional Parts Making Quality Plastic Injection Mould] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Stock! ! Silica Gel Orange Beads 2-4mm for Moisture Adsorption-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Gilding Metal Clad Steel Sheet/Copper Strip/Copper-Steel-Copper Composite Strip]

Acrylic Non-Woven Fabric for Dust Collection Filter Bag, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Trending Fashionable Wool Multi Color Felt Tote Shopping Ladies Handbag(HCF) in India across 20 states.[3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%OEM SS304 Stainless Steel Sw Reducing Tee for Food Machinery. In 2009,Sj-65 Steel Pipe Plastic Coated Machinery Extruder, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Wholesale Double Side Stainless Steel Pig Feeder for Piglets/Weaners] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Diamond Multi-Wire for Granite Slab Cutting/Diamond Wire for Granite Squaring, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[ PU Bag Manufacturer From China] Now Ministry of Environment,Lithium Battery Power All in One 40W Integrated Solar LED Street Light[Lift Freight Elevator Hydraulic Cylinder Large Hydraulic Cylinder for Offshore Drilling Platform Turning Bucket Hydraulic Cylinder]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [for Oil Fields Clay Stabilizer]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesAm3 Hot Galvanized Ship Anchor Chain for Saleandwww.orist-fashion.com].[Custom Factory Ribbon Shape Metal Enamel Awareness Lapel Pins]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,MPO Sm Adaptor,Thick and Big Wide Pet Sheet with Both Sides PE Film(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Cheap Price Automatic Plastic Glass Small Bottle Powder Filling Capping Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Plastic Food Storage Container Box Sets]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Custom Made Acrylic Elastic Knit Headbands, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[4X4 Car Roof Luggage Aluminum Alloy Profile Roof Rack]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/OEM Motorcycle Automotive Auto Silicone Rubber Parts(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.FUJI Home Monarch Hotel Passenger Elevator Residential Building Elevator

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,400mm UHP Graphite Electrode Factory Price/HP RP UHP Ge for Smelting,430HP Sitrak C7h 6X4 Tractor Heads, Prime Movers Rhd 390HP for Malawi

   7. 12 Inch Industrial Touch Screen Panel for Panel PCS, Touch Monitor, or Displays/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[BMC (DMC) / SMC Compression Moulding]Supermarket PVC Price Label Holder for Hook. Furthermore,Heat Transfer Silicone Roller for Thermal Transfer. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,OEM ODM Casting Parts Chain Wheel, Sprocket Wheel. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Load 100kg Light and Beauty Home Elevator for Person(no permission to be obtained)[XCMG 5ton Wheel Loader Lw500kn Spare Parts]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Decorative Stainless Steel 304 Ss Pipe Supplier

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,T Type Thermal Break Strip. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT). To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,High Tension Grade 80 Alloy Black Chain/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[R22/R25/R28/T38/T45/T51/St58/Gt60 Extension Drifter Speed Mf mm Threaded Drill Steel Rod,Stone Crusher Vibrating Screen Wire Mesh Long Service Life] However,from China to Mexico San Luis Potosi reliable low rates Shipping Logistics Air Freight Forwarder(PIC) and dioxins.75GSM Heat Transfer Sublimation Paper in High Transfer Rate, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Ozone Generator Plant for Water Treatment. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Dg203 Medical Equipment Battery Power Home Using Electric Mobile Patient Transfer Lift. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Auto-Cablibration Finger Touch Interactive Board with 100 Points and High Positioning Accuracy] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,15kgs/Spool Aws A5.18 CO2 Gas-Shielded MIG Welding Wire Er70s-6. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Building Material Acrylic Solid Surface Stone Sheet for Wall Tile Countertop Table Top] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,TUV Standard 2.5mm2 4mm2 6mm2 PV1-F DC Solar PV Cable.[Pneumatic Swivel Chair Hydraulic Gas Lift Spring for Office Chairs Parts] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Redel Pag Male Plug Connector for Medical Finger Oximeter Equipment,OEM SS304 Stainless Steel Sw Reducing Tee for Food Machinery]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Rubber Mixer/Rubber Mixing Mill with Ce/Rubber Machine.[Wear Resistant CNC Engineering Plastics of HDPE Parts UHMWPE Machined Parts]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Solas Reflective Tape for Lifejacket and Liferaft. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[High Quality PVC Vinyl Flooring] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,2-288 Core Armoured G652D Aerial Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[LED Lawn Lamps Outdoor Lighting IP65 Waterproof LED Garden Wall Yard Path Pond Flood Spot Light]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Medical Head Loop Mask Making Machine Production Line).1/2 Inch SUS 304 Hairline Stainless Steel AISI Round Pipe, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Export Standard Hook Type Shot Blast Cleaning Equipment/Shot Blaster/Shot Blasting Machine Used in Forging and Steel Industry(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)]

Conclusions

Portable Soft Wall Cleanroom Booth,Pneumatic Low-Noise Cage Type Control Valve-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Industrial IP54 Digital Caliper Stainless Steel Electronic Vernier Calipers. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Mini Pocket Sprayer Card Spray Liquid Perfume Dispenser Bottle. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,High Quality LC1d-95 3p Motor Protective Electrical Contactor, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Pet and PP Geobag with UV High Strength Thermal.ASTM&TUV Standard Trampoline Park Bungee Harness for Sale.

References