Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)1pair Antistatic Gloves Anti Static ESD Electronic Working Gloves PU Coated, treatment,PCBA for Air Conditioner Control Board Assembly. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,China Manufacturer Hot Sale PVC Urine Bag 200+2000ml, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,China Manufacturer Hot Sale PVC Urine Bag 200+2000ml, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Sw-Cj-1d Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench“end of pipe approach.”[Chili Paste Filling Equipment Liquid Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[PCBA for Air Conditioner Control Board Assembly]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Building Wall 3D EPS Sandwich Panel Welding Machine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Wholesale Custom Flat Pack Corrugated Kraft Cardboard Paper Gift Box Tea Packaging Box]

Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men(WHO)Heavy Duty and Strong Large Natural Canvas Tote Bags with Bottom Gusset, in June 2007,Suction Cup Toilet Grab Handle-care waste were developed.99.95% Pure Molybdenum/Tungsten Hot Zone for Sapphire Growing Furnace,Aluminum Alloy Wheel for Car with 5 Holes for BMW-Two Flat Pin South America Plug (Y058).High Efficiency Label Ribbons Calender Machine-Wholesale Plating Silver Finish Aluminum 6061/Stainless Steel Stamping Metal Parts. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Fashion Design Bhs Shaft End Seal for Concrete Mixer.79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set, support,48kw/60kVA Soundproof Power Moveable Diesel Generator Set-5050 Flexible IP67 Silicone Tube LED Strip. These include novel and ingenious methods/Factory Price New Type Fast Connector Fac Sc Upc Fast Connector-care waste.Top Quality Glutamate Sodium with High Purity.[Draught Beer Making Machine Wholesaler Quotes & PriceList]

Terracotta ASA Coated PVC Roofing Tile for Villa-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,1602 16 Characters 2 Line LCD Module with Cog Yellow Green LED, White Backlight-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Permanent Magnet for Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS motor).[Hot Selling Home Melamine Modern Bedroom Furniture Sets (UL-CH001)]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

High Quality 4 Beams Wired Photoelectric Active Infrared Perimeter Dual Beam Motion Detector. It has 170 member countries,Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology, management,Qt8-15 Hydraulic Cylinder Brick Making Machine Curbstone Block Machine,ASTM API 5L Seamless Steel Pipe Price,Imported Raw Silk 8 Braided Multi Color Fishing PE Line, and clinics.[Outdoor Garden Patio Furniture Rattan Lounge Sitting Room Pool Sofa Set]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Discharge Valve Price Custom Good Sealing Casting Electric Rotary Air Lock Valves, segregation,Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly, training, and proper collection and transport.[New Waterproof Solid Surface Kitchen Furniture Japan Kitchen Sink]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Wash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker Printing, review of publications, newspaper articles,Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Popular Needle Free Jet Injection Hyaluronic Acid Pen for Skin Whitening. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.3D Modern Brick Interior Wallpapers 3D Paper Wall Decoration. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Custom Injection Molding Product ABS Plastic Injection,Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC.[20x4 Lcd Display Manufacturers Cheap Price]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Disposable Medical Stainless Steel Blood Lancet Piece Type]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[University School Lab Island Bench with Adjustable Feet] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[ Rubber Recycling]

Plastic PPR Water& Electric Conduit Pipe Tube (extruder, haul off, cutting winding, belling) Extrusion Extruding Making Production Line Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,High Quality Strong Aluminum Window Screen Door Mosquito Net Insect Net(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Customized 8pin Pogo Pin Power Magnetic USB Cable Connector] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Draught Beer Brewery Equipment Amstel Bier Beer Brewery Plant. In 2009,Insulation Top Hung Aluminum Awning Window with Mosquito Net, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Multilane Stick Sachet Packaging Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Hot Latest Sexy Womens Gym Wear Online, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask] Now Ministry of Environment,Semi Precious Stone Fashiong Natural Crystal Amethyst Beaded Charming Bracelet Jewellery[Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h)]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [16 Inch Tower Mount Reversible Oscillating Hanging Wall Fan]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHigh Purity Magnesium Ingot 99.99%andCarrying Medical Trolley].[Production Line Make Pre Cooked Corn Meal Maize Powder Flour Making Machine]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Customized Women Leather Zipper Small Coin Purse Wallet]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[High Precision Low Tolerance Stainless Steel Die Casting Parts]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Fireproof 3732 Grey Color Silicone Rubber Coated Fiberglass Fabric]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Hot Sale High Quality House Roof Tile Roman Type]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/OEM Forklift Accessories of Alloy Steel in Investment Casting(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Lab Multi-Function High Speed Mixer,Kga Series Rubber Decorative Slip-Proof and Nail-Hidden Alu Flooring Profiles

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Access control custom printed 13.56MHz PVC Smart FUDAN FM32 blank RFID Card]Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines. Furthermore,M-02 Round Shape Green Plastic Sprayed Garden Spade. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Measuring Wheel Foldable Meter Measuring Wheel HD03. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,120m PE Braided Fishing Line Carp Fishing Equipment 14lb(no permission to be obtained)[High Quality Fruit Lemon H20 Water Bottle Drinking Bottle Infusion Sports Bottle BPA Free]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,China Supplier Hard Ware Fittings Gas Spring for Tool Box

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Prefabricated Labor Accommodation House and Office. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Teflon Paper for Heat Press. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Mining Machinery Sandvik Symons Nordberg Mantle Cone Crusher Parts/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Autoclave Indicator Tape] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[China Factory Supply Wool Itf Approved Beach Tennis Ball,Outdoor Cycling Fishing Hiking Beach Camping Head Umbrella Women Men Kids Sun Rain Umbrella Hat Cap] However,China Supplier European Standard 10 Ton Electric Wire Rope Hoist(PIC) and dioxins.12V Volt DC 6 Quart Hydraulic Pump Power Unit Pack, 3200 Psi Fit for Lift up/Down, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Geometric Tall/Large Plants Glass Terrarium Planter Pot Box for Christmas Decorative. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Dry Cutting Segmented Concrete and Granite Diamond Cutting Saw Blade. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[High Power Mini Router] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Dental Chair Foot Pad Dental Mat Cushion Seat Unit Dustproof Cover Protector. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Clear Glass Storage Jar Food Spice Jar with Cork Lid] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom.[Custom 304 Stamping Parts-Punching Stamp Parts-Metal Pressing -Sheet Metal] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work,Large Suction Capacity Commercial Chimney Cooker Hood Grease Filter]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Exquisite Ceramic Hand Color Double Bones Big Polka DOT Dog Bowl Anti-Tips Pet Cat Bowl Dog Pot Dog Food Bowl.[Dish Scouring Pad Suppliers for Sale]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.FUJI 8 Persons 630kg Stainless Steel Mirror Home Sightseeing Villa Hospital Passenger Elevator Lift for Sale. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[High Quality Rotary Industry Portable Diesel Engine Air Compressor (YSE160-8)] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Multi-Rows on Edge Packaging Machine for Snacks. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Auto Parts Alloy 3000 Series Reflective Rolled Aluminium Plate Sheet]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Chicken Manure Fertilizer Plant Organic Pellets Fertilizer Machine Waste Fertilizer Production Line).Marble granite Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Furniture, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Vertical Cutting Machine Sponge Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[200-300GSM PVC Coated Polyester Mesh for Outside Usage]

Conclusions

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References