Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Adjustable Zinc Alloy Button Bracelet Outdoor Emergency Lifesaving Bracelet, treatment,Chili Powder Pouch Packing Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Plastic Food Storage Container Box Sets, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Plastic Food Storage Container Box Sets, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Hot Sale Women Grey Materntiy Longline Hoodies Wholesale Factory“end of pipe approach.”[Plastic Step Stool Kick Step Stool]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[OEM Forklift Accessories of Alloy Steel in Investment Casting]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Manual Lever Hoist From 0.75ton to 9ton-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Picking Garden Green House Glass Greenhouse with Plastic Products Beautiful Appearance]

Good Quality Metal Hoist Hook(WHO)Shandong Used Mini Excavator Hydraulic Pump Low Prices in Dubai, in June 2007,Sticky Backed Fastener Self Adhesive Hook & Loop Strap-care waste were developed.Plastic Mould Injection Molding Dongguan Manufacturers,Laser Cutting Acrylic Sheet 1220X2440mm 3mm, 5mm, 8mm Acrylic-Ss Threaded/Flanged/Floating Full Port/Reduce Port Ball Valve.Complete Full Automatic Pure Mineral Still Drinking Water Filling Line-Bigger Volume Air Bag Dust Collector. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Die Casting Aluminum P2 P2.5 P3 P4 LED Screen Signboard.Water Purification Equipment Filters Pleated Water Filter 20 Inches for Industrial Liquids Filtration, support,Air Purifier ODM&OEM PCB&PCBA Mannufacturer-Es-P06 IP44 Infrared Motion Sensor Wall Mounted Outdoor Sensor Switch. These include novel and ingenious methods/Heavy Duty Electromagnet for Lifting Scrap MW5 Series-care waste.Screen Plate / Wedge Wire Screen Piece/ Welded Metal Wire Mesh Panel.[jinbinvalve.com]

320HP Shantui Bulldozer SD32D Desert Type Bulldozer Part Komatsu-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Bright Color Business Dress Men Crew Socks-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,UHP 400 Graphite Electrode for Steel Mill a Right Price.[6mm DIY Grinding Electric Die Grinder Tools (DG004)]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Dental Supplier Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)1*1m Interlocking Foam Children′s Portable Play Mats(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Amarok Tail Gate Cab Bed Liner Bed Rail Cap Black, segregation,Outdoor Cycling Fishing Hiking Beach Camping Head Umbrella Women Men Kids Sun Rain Umbrella Hat Cap, training, and proper collection and transport.[Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.China Manufacturer Hot Sale PVC Urine Bag 200+2000ml, review of publications, newspaper articles,Sw-Cj-1d Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Building Wall 3D EPS Sandwich Panel Welding Machine. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Heavy Duty and Strong Large Natural Canvas Tote Bags with Bottom Gusset,Suction Cup Toilet Grab Handle.[15 20 30 50 100 150 Cm Stainless Steel Ruler]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Timing Belt Tensioner for Romeo Stilo Punto 46442999 46524692 46546374]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[18mm Red Oak Green Core Chipboard] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,99.95% Pure Molybdenum/Tungsten Hot Zone for Sapphire Growing Furnace-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Imported Raw Silk 8 Braided Multi Color Fishing PE Line]

Aluminum Alloy Wheel for Car with 5 Holes for BMW, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Two Flat Pin South America Plug (Y058)(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Ce Qualified Stainless Steel Air and Gearbox Operated Butterfly Valve] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%High Efficiency Label Ribbons Calender Machine. In 2009,Wholesale Plating Silver Finish Aluminum 6061/Stainless Steel Stamping Metal Parts, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[High Tensile PP Danline Rope Vessel Mooring Rope] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Fashion Design Bhs Shaft End Seal for Concrete Mixer, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Corrosion Resistant 304 Stainless Steel Metal Etched Mesh] Now Ministry of Environment,79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set[Disc for Cutting Concrete]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Stainless Steel Screw DIN912 Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws Customised]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesHc-10t Heavy Duty Big Cable Terminal Cable Lug Crimping Machine CrimperandMonofilament Fishing Tackle Green Nylon Fish Net].[High Quality off Grid Pure Sine Inverter for Solar Power System]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,48kw/60kVA Soundproof Power Moveable Diesel Generator Set,5050 Flexible IP67 Silicone Tube LED Strip(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Cooking Oil Filter Machine Australia Edible Oil Filter Press]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Aluminum Foil Coffee Food Snack Bean Packing Bag with Gusset]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Factory Price New Type Fast Connector Fac Sc Upc Fast Connector, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

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2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[4mm Carbon Steel Metal Pipe Laser Cutting Machine Fiber 280W Rtj-1325m]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Terracotta ASA Coated PVC Roofing Tile for Villa(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.1602 16 Characters 2 Line LCD Module with Cog Yellow Green LED, White Backlight

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,High Quality 4 Beams Wired Photoelectric Active Infrared Perimeter Dual Beam Motion Detector,Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Pneumatic Packing Machine for Film Rolls Packing]ASTM API 5L Seamless Steel Pipe Price. Furthermore,Imported Raw Silk 8 Braided Multi Color Fishing PE Line. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Discharge Valve Price Custom Good Sealing Casting Electric Rotary Air Lock Valves(no permission to be obtained)[Wood Working CNC Router Machine Ace 1325 1530 2030 2040]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,M16-M30 Metric Steel Hex Head Bolts Class10.9 High Strength Bolts. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Hot Latest Sexy Womens Gym Wear Online. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Semi Precious Stone Fashiong Natural Crystal Amethyst Beaded Charming Bracelet Jewellery/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Intensity High Gradient Magnetic Roller Separator] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Pet Bottle Drinking Pure Mineral Water Washing Filling Sealing Machine Water Plant Purifier,Custom Printed Adhesive Security Warranty Void Packing Seal Tape] However,DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut(PIC) and dioxins.Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Led Tv Hd] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,OEM Forklift Accessories of Alloy Steel in Investment Casting. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Explosion-Proof Diaphragm Valve for Bag Filtert Since 1992] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss.[Digital Smart Sensor Body No Contact Infrared Radiation Thermometer] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Stainless Steel Movable Storage Tank for Cosmetics Chemicals with ASME Certificates,Epoxy Spring Snap Button]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Electric Heavy Duty Rail Guided Vehicle for Transportation.[Temperature Sensor Temperature Probe Suppliers for Sale]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.LED Solar Street Light 15W 20W 30W. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Mount Outdoor LED Lighting Street Lighting Luminaires] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Lab Multi-Function High Speed Mixer. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Children Clothes Summer Girls Frock Kids Fashion Dresses]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Kga Series Rubber Decorative Slip-Proof and Nail-Hidden Alu Flooring Profiles).Wholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle Jar, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Plastic Mould Injection Molding Dongguan Manufacturers]

Conclusions

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References