Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Waterproof Thermal Cooler Bag Disposable Ice Tote Cooler Bag, treatment,1*1m Interlocking Foam Children′s Portable Play Mats. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Amarok Tail Gate Cab Bed Liner Bed Rail Cap Black, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Amarok Tail Gate Cab Bed Liner Bed Rail Cap Black, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Outdoor Cycling Fishing Hiking Beach Camping Head Umbrella Women Men Kids Sun Rain Umbrella Hat Cap“end of pipe approach.”[Acrylic Non-Woven Fabric for Dust Collection Filter Bag]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Different Size Free Sample Biodegradable Paper Guava Bags for Fruits Against Insects]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/6V225ah Deep Cycle Battery Gel Battery for Marine / Golf Cart /Electric Vehicle-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag]

1pair Antistatic Gloves Anti Static ESD Electronic Working Gloves PU Coated(WHO)PCBA for Air Conditioner Control Board Assembly, in June 2007,China Manufacturer Hot Sale PVC Urine Bag 200+2000ml-care waste were developed.Sw-Cj-1d Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench,Building Wall 3D EPS Sandwich Panel Welding Machine-Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men.Heavy Duty and Strong Large Natural Canvas Tote Bags with Bottom Gusset-Suction Cup Toilet Grab Handle. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-99.95% Pure Molybdenum/Tungsten Hot Zone for Sapphire Growing Furnace.Aluminum Alloy Wheel for Car with 5 Holes for BMW, support,Two Flat Pin South America Plug (Y058)-High Efficiency Label Ribbons Calender Machine. These include novel and ingenious methods/Wholesale Plating Silver Finish Aluminum 6061/Stainless Steel Stamping Metal Parts-care waste.Fashion Design Bhs Shaft End Seal for Concrete Mixer.[Toyo-Ta Denso 4 Pin Female Wire Harness Ignition Coil Plug Connector]

79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,48kw/60kVA Soundproof Power Moveable Diesel Generator Set-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,5050 Flexible IP67 Silicone Tube LED Strip.[Best Price Clear Float Glass for Curtain Wall Glass]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Factory Price New Type Fast Connector Fac Sc Upc Fast Connector. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Top Quality Glutamate Sodium with High Purity. It has 170 member countries,Terracotta ASA Coated PVC Roofing Tile for Villa, management,1602 16 Characters 2 Line LCD Module with Cog Yellow Green LED, White Backlight,Permanent Magnet for Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS motor),Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen, and clinics.[Downlight IP65 8W CCT Changeable Fire Rated LED Down Light with Bezel Changeable]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)High Quality 4 Beams Wired Photoelectric Active Infrared Perimeter Dual Beam Motion Detector(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology, segregation,Qt8-15 Hydraulic Cylinder Brick Making Machine Curbstone Block Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Lucky Key Necklace for Women]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Discharge Valve Price Custom Good Sealing Casting Electric Rotary Air Lock Valves, review of publications, newspaper articles,Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,M16-M30 Metric Steel Hex Head Bolts Class10.9 High Strength Bolts. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.High Quality Polyester Retro Reflective Fabric for Clothing. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H3072),Wash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker Printing.[41 Inch Guitar]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Winday Ground Source Heat Pump for Water Chiller]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Nonstick Preseasoned Cast Iron Steak Grill Pan Dia 11 Inch] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Iron Stainless Steel Coil Nails Screw Shank for Pallet]

Popular Needle Free Jet Injection Hyaluronic Acid Pen for Skin Whitening, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,3D Modern Brick Interior Wallpapers 3D Paper Wall Decoration(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Plastic Extruder Machine 16mm-800mm Water Conduit Drainage PVC Pipe Extrusion Line] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Custom Injection Molding Product ABS Plastic Injection. In 2009,Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Pvc Strap Injection Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Dimmable White Silver Shell Shouing Ceiling Lamp 15W LED Downlight] Now Ministry of Environment,Plastic PPR Water& Electric Conduit Pipe Tube (extruder, haul off, cutting winding, belling) Extrusion Extruding Making Production Line Machine[Dg203 Medical Equipment Battery Power Home Using Electric Mobile Patient Transfer Lift]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Kickstand TPU PC Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 7c/Enjoy 8/Nova 2 Lite/Y7 2018/=Y7 PRO 2018/Y7 Prime]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesSequin Appliques Rainbow 5mm Adhesive Sticker Felt Shapes Circles FeltandBending Sheet Metal Parts Fabrication Stampings for Cars and Trucks].[1kw 1.5kw 2kw 5kw Wind-Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Power System DIY Solar Panel System]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,High Quality Strong Aluminum Window Screen Door Mosquito Net Insect Net,Draught Beer Brewery Equipment Amstel Bier Beer Brewery Plant(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Automotive Industry Machine by Sonic Welding Equipment]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Diamond Circular Granite Saw Blades for Masonry Cutting]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Insulation Top Hung Aluminum Awning Window with Mosquito Net, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Hot Latest Sexy Womens Gym Wear Online, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[HDMI Cable Support 3D 4K and 2160p High Speed HDMI Cable with Ethernet]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[One-Piece Micro Needle RF System for Scar and Pregnancy Line Remover Beauty Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Semi Precious Stone Fashiong Natural Crystal Amethyst Beaded Charming Bracelet Jewellery(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes,OEM Forklift Accessories of Alloy Steel in Investment Casting

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines]Electric Heavy Duty Rail Guided Vehicle for Transportation. Furthermore,LED Solar Street Light 15W 20W 30W. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Lab Multi-Function High Speed Mixer. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Kga Series Rubber Decorative Slip-Proof and Nail-Hidden Alu Flooring Profiles(no permission to be obtained)[Biodegradable Disposible Straw Pulp Food Box Ppp-1007]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Wholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle Jar

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Aluminum Height Adjustable Cane (SC-CR58-67)/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Multi Functional Professional Long Nose Plier] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Sj-65 Steel Pipe Plastic Coated Machinery Extruder,Kga Series Rubber Decorative Slip-Proof and Nail-Hidden Alu Flooring Profiles] However,Stone Carving Sculpture Marble Garden Fountain with Planter Pot Fore Home Decoration(PIC) and dioxins.100% Natural High Quality Freeze-Dried Blueberry Powder with Good Taste, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Hot Sales Titanium Dioxide Anatase. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Teflon Paper for Heat Press. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Royal Comfort Mattress] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Mining Machinery Sandvik Symons Nordberg Mantle Cone Crusher Parts. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Machining Part for Fitness Equipment Belt Pulley CNC Turning Parts] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,China Supplier European Standard 10 Ton Electric Wire Rope Hoist.[ Cataract Forceps] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Customized Hot Rolled Bimetal Steel Plate Wear Resistant Steel Plate,China OEM Customized Household Appliance Fan Molding Humidifier Plastic Injection Mold Mould Maker]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.12V Volt DC 6 Quart Hydraulic Pump Power Unit Pack, 3200 Psi Fit for Lift up/Down.[Submersible Water Pump Motor]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Geometric Tall/Large Plants Glass Terrarium Planter Pot Box for Christmas Decorative. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Hot Sale Women Grey Materntiy Longline Hoodies Wholesale Factory] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Dry Cutting Segmented Concrete and Granite Diamond Cutting Saw Blade. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Transparent Clear Acrylic OPP Carton Packing Tape]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Dental Chair Foot Pad Dental Mat Cushion Seat Unit Dustproof Cover Protector).Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Exquisite Ceramic Hand Color Double Bones Big Polka DOT Dog Bowl Anti-Tips Pet Cat Bowl Dog Pot Dog Food Bowl(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Shot Gun Hot Stick with 1.4m 10kv Fiberglass Operating Rod]

Conclusions

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References