Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Down Lamp Tube Light Nickel Coating Plastic Metal Spring Manufacturer, treatment,Single Chamber Tea Bag Machine with PLC Control/Empty Bag Reject Model//31 Years Factory for Tea Bag Packing Machine//. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Outdoor Waterproof Adjustable Wall Garden Lighting (KA-G702/B)“end of pipe approach.”[High Quality Pet Mould for Bottle]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[430HP Sitrak C7h 6X4 Tractor Heads]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/4mm Carbon Steel Metal Pipe Laser Cutting Machine Fiber 280W Rtj-1325m-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Headway Horizon UHP Car Tire 205/50zr17]

Ceramic Finishing Titanium Instruments, Cataract Forceps, Vitreo-Retina Forceps(WHO)28mm Diameter 310S Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe, in June 2007,Competitive Price Diesel Self Loading Mobile Mixer Truck Cummins Engine for Sale-care waste were developed.PVD Vacuum Coating Machine for Stainless Steel, Metal, Ceramic, Mosaic,15ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Black Gold Transparent Acrylic Plastic Airless Cosmetic Lotion Pump Bottle for Personal Care-Betaine Anhydrous 98% Food Grade Good Quality Competitive Price.Steel Toe-Cap High Cut Winter Boots with Wool Lining Ax05057-Headway Horizon UHP Car Tire 205/50zr17. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Shower Room G79z21L Wholesale Price High Grade 304SUS Sliding Glass Bathroom Luxury.Muli-Functional Police Chain Handcuff Cuff, support,Heat Exchanger in Heating, Cooling and Condensation of Process Air-PLC Servo Piston Liquid Bottle Oil Detergent Shampoo Disinfectant Bleaching Soap Cleaner Corrosive Bottling Filling Machine. These include novel and ingenious methods/Factory Price Cocobetaine CAS68424-94-2 /Coco Betaine 40% BS-12 for Shampoo-care waste.Qingdao Us Type Load Binder Lever Chain Tensioner.[www.jcxrollformingmachinery.com]

Plastic Machinery for Producing IC Electronics Package Pipe-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,800mm Slurry Shield MTB Machine-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Screw Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw/Fastener.[Free Sample Promotion Holographic E-Liquid Paper Box Package]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Epoxy Spring Snap Button. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun. It has 170 member countries,Winday Ground Source Heat Pump for Water Chiller, management,ASTM A53 Carbon Steel Hot Dipped Galvanized Pipe Nipples,Sidewinder Rubber Cable Protector Ramp, Rubber Cable Cross,Sintec Full Auto Glass Processing Machine CNC Cutting Machine, and clinics.[Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)12 Inch King Mattress Latex Foam Memory Foam Mattress(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Desktop 3-Axis Hot Melt Adhesive Dispensing Robot/Automatic Dispensing Machine/Automatic Dispensing System/Automatic Dispenser/Automatic Dispensing Equipment, segregation,Jeans Denim Fabric Blanch Ozone Generator, training, and proper collection and transport.[16W Corn Bulb 4u IC Driver Corn LED Light Bulbs]

2019 Advance Technologies Double Twist Hexagonal Wire Machine. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,7/8 Inch Galvanized Steel Wire Strand/Guy Wire/Gay Wire/Stay Wie.Hot Sale Industrial Chillers for Beverage-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Custom Logo 3D PVC Soft Rubber Sew on Clothing Band PVC Silicone Patch]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Factory Price Peristaltic Hose Pump for Textile Mill, review of publications, newspaper articles,Highly Extra Safety and Efficient Floor-Slab Table Formwork System. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h). In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Round Vibrating Separator Machine - Round Vibratory Sieve. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Kitchen Cookware Dinner Cooking Large Size Stainless Steel Soup Pot,Downlight IP65 8W CCT Changeable Fire Rated LED Down Light with Bezel Changeable.[Basalt Jaw Cursher For Sand]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Genuine Leather Big Couch 7 Seater Sofa Sectional Living Room Home Furniture Combination Arc Sofa Set Corner Sofa]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[1-2mm Used to Water Filter Material Anthracite Coal for Sale Per Ton Price] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Yangtze 12V 18ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Charger Module-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Ve Head Rotor for Citroen - Bosch Injector Pump Parts]

Gas Spring for Cabinet Door (YQL), International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Rubber PVC Food Grade Conveyor Belt System Manufacturers Stainless Modular Conveyor Belt(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Pneumatic Knife Gate Valve with Cylinder for Water Treatment] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Good Price Fiberglass Roofing Material Goethe Types Architecture Shingle for Luxury Villa. In 2009,Clear Glass Storage Jar Food Spice Jar with Cork Lid, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Glow Artificial Gravel] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Machining Spare Part CNC Machined High Volume Aluminum Parts, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Newest Designed Globalipl RF Cavitation Best Slimming Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,Sheet Metal Press Machine Perforating Metal Plate Hole Punching Machine[Producing and Wholesales Safety Laminated Glass for Shower Room/Windowswalls/Fence]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [FRP Cooling Tower Blower Fan Manufacturers]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables Humic Acid Powderandm.yycj.com].[Betaine Anhydrous 98% Food Grade Good Quality Competitive Price]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,6.35mm Mono Plug to RCA Jack Adapter,Army Camouflage Cotton Plain T Shirt with Short Sleeve(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[UV Protective Highway Polycarbonate Solid Sound Barrier Sheet]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Small Clear Glass Spray Bottles for Aromatherapy Essential Oils, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Modern Design Steel Structure Broiler Chicken Ground System, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[1260 Heat Resistant Fireproof Ceramic Fiber Paper]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[China Flat Knitting Machine Manufacturer]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/1t Sealed Pressure Storage Moveable Tank for Chemical, Transportion, Cosmetic, Gel(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Mercury Glass Votive Tealight Candle Holders for Weddings, Parties and Home Decor

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Auto Pk Belt Fan Air Conditioning Booster Pump Belt

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Hospital Bracelets Watch for Patient Fashion Stainless Steel Free Sample,OEM EPDM/NBR/Butyl/Nr/Cr/Viton/Silicone Custom Molded Rubber Parts

   7. Diamond PDC Coring Bits, Rock Drilling Tools/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[2018 Hot Sale New Purifying Charcoal Dead Sea Mud Face Cleanser Deep Cleaning Control Oil Shrinkage Pores Cleanser Milk]Flying CO2 Laser Marking Machine with Red Locating System. Furthermore,New IP65 100W UFO LED Highbay Light with UL Dlc. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Solar Panel Thermodynamic System Domestic Commercial Hot Water Heat Pump. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Good Performance Low Cost Skip Type Concrete Batching Plant Hzs25(no permission to be obtained)[Low Price Concertina Razor Barbed Wire Cbt-65]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe / Threaded Conduit Gi Pipe 1 1/4 Inch

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Sequin Appliques Rainbow 5mm Adhesive Sticker Felt Shapes Circles Felt. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Chameleon Aurora Rainbow Mirror Unicorn Chrome Pigment for Nail Art. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Serrated Beaing Bar Grating, Galv/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Best Price Food Grade Citric Acid Monohydrate] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Hot Sale Industrial Chillers for Beverage,Wholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle Jar] However,Industrial Steel Structural Warehouse From China(PIC) and dioxins.Factory Directly Pasta Maker with More Mould Shapes, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.High Quality Wool Felt Porkpie Fedora Trilby Hat. Dioxins are an unintentional by-High Efficiency Fully Automatic Industrial Laundry Machinery Linen Towel Washing Folding Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Industrial Interior Indoor High Bay LED Light for Stadium] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Animal Manure Compost Organic Fertilizer Granular Machine with Ce. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Automatic Pillow Flow Type Egg Roll Packing Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Winter Colorful Cute Fur Unicorn Slipper Shoes for Home.[ with Gasoline Motor All-Terrain Vehicle Crawler ED300b] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Stainless Steel Fittings,Best Selling Soccer Training Practice Rebound Net (568)]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.50X70mm Suspended Pendant Lights LED Aluminum Profile for LED Strip Lights.[High Quality Chain Link Fence]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Desktop Aluminum Alloy Magnetic Holder Phone Stand Mobile Phone Holder. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Diagnostic Medical Clinical Alpk2 Palm Aneroid Digital Bp Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Galvanized Normal Twisted Barbed Wire. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[ High Carbon Flat Wire]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Matt Gray 4.5 mm PVC Click Lock Vinyl Plank Flooring).Korea Glittery Heat Transfer Film /Vinyl for Clothes/T-Shirt Printing Cdg-16 Light Multi, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Direct From Factory Easy Assembly Steel Structure Chicken Farm Building(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[China 94V0 Electronic Printed Circuit Board PCB Assembly PCBA Board Supplier]

Conclusions

Rated Capacity 2 Ton Ce Standard Diesel Forklift,Living Room Center Full-Long Dining Table-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Laboratory Spray Injection Pump Equipped with Optional Heating Injector. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Luxury Crocdile Grain Leather Designer Bags Laptop Backpack, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-New Type Versatile Electric Hand Pallet Jack.3PCS Air Horn Kit with Compressor.

References