Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Cosmetic Black Paper Gift Packaging Box with Pink Silk for Scarf, treatment,Plastic Pet Preform Injection Molding Machine Price. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Waterproof Fireproof Spc Click Floor PVC Vinyl Floor Tile 4mm 5mm 6mmm, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Waterproof Fireproof Spc Click Floor PVC Vinyl Floor Tile 4mm 5mm 6mmm, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,High Quanlity PTFE Thread Seal Tape“end of pipe approach.”[XCMG 5ton Wheel Loader Lw500kn Spare Parts]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Custom 304 Stamping Parts-Punching Stamp Parts-Metal Pressing -Sheet Metal-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[R22/R25/R28/T38/T45/T51/St58/Gt60 Extension Drifter Speed Mf mm Threaded Drill Steel Rod]

Wholesale Biodegradable Christmas Gift Goodies Packaging Customized Kraft Paper Bags for Kids(WHO)Corrosion Resistant 304 Stainless Steel Metal Etched Mesh, in June 2007,Turn Key Prefabricated Industrial Steel Structure for Workshop-care waste were developed.Airlock Valve -B,Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh-Best Price Clear Float Glass for Curtain Wall Glass.Multi-Ply Fabric Ep Conveyor Belt for Stone-Hexagonal Plastic Plain Netting Plastic Mesh Plain Net Plastic Net Yl-037. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Aluminium Expanded Mesh (Expanded002).Licensed Kids Electric Ride on Car Audi Tt RS, support,100ml Pet Bottle with Bamboo Lotion Pump for Shampoo-Art Liner: Aguja De Lipolisis En Oferta. These include novel and ingenious methods/Seaweed Iodized Salt Rock Salt, Crystal Lamp, Rock Salt-care waste.80tph Brand New Mobile Drum Mix Asphalt Plant.[Ybsc1]

Operation Microscope for Ent &Dental-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Elastic Fabric Luggage Strap, Sofa Elastic Strap-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,10-120mm2 Cable Terminal Applicator for Crimping Machine Hydraulic Terminal Machine.[Stone Crusher Vibrating Screen Wire Mesh Long Service Life]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Top Grade Brazilian Virgin Hair 360 Lace Frontal Kinky Straight. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

LED for Skin Rejuvenation. It has 170 member countries,Long Life Silver Plated Reset Slide Switch for Auto Parts, management,Space-Saving Im1002 Magnetic Refrigerator Relay Used in Smart Grid Era,0.27/0.3/0.4/0.6mm PPGI Coated Steel Coil Writing Teaching Board,Wax Jar PS Lid Cbd Oil Glass Concentrate Container Clear Cap 7ml 5ml, and clinics.[Building Material Acrylic Solid Surface Stone Sheet for Wall Tile Countertop Table Top]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)HDPE Vented Nestable and Stackable Plastic Fruit Vegetable Crate for Storage(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Portable Picosure Laser Picosecond Tattoo Removal Machine for Skin Beauty, segregation,Custom Printed Adhesive Security Warranty Void Packing Seal Tape, training, and proper collection and transport.[Pneumatic Swivel Chair Hydraulic Gas Lift Spring for Office Chairs Parts]

3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Customized Women Leather Zipper Small Coin Purse Wallet.Hls-120 High Quality Low Budget Mobile Portable Line Boring Machine for Excavator Digger-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Redel Pag Male Plug Connector for Medical Finger Oximeter Equipment]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Ce RoHS FCC LED Display Factory for Jewelry Shops Store Display Window Transparent LED Display, review of publications, newspaper articles,12V 24V 54mm High Speed Electric DC Gear Motor. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Water Treatment Corrosion Inhibitor Acrylic Homopolymer (9063-87-0). In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.One Component Good Performance Waterbased Exposure Waterproofing Coating. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,High-End Vacuum Glass Lifting Machine for Sale,Top Quality! E-Light IPL RF Hair Removal Colon Hydrotherapy Beauty Equipment&Machine.[Cut Glass Beverage Bottles With Cap]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[OEM SS304 Stainless Steel Sw Reducing Tee for Food Machinery]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[High Quality PVC Vinyl Flooring] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Electrichromic Self-Adhesive Pdlc Film Frosted Dimming Smart Glass-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[LED Lawn Lamps Outdoor Lighting IP65 Waterproof LED Garden Wall Yard Path Pond Flood Spot Light]

Fashion Design Backpack, Stylish Backpack, PU Bag Manufacturer From China, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,PP Reinforced Safety Protection Netting for Construction Building(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%OEM/ODM Sheet Metal Stamping Parts. In 2009,Medical Device Orthopedic Surgical Instruments Bone Reamer Drill, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Tempered Glass Screen Protector] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,New Design Decorative High-Pressure Laminate Board, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[TUV Standard 2.5mm2 4mm2 6mm2 PV1-F DC Solar PV Cable] Now Ministry of Environment,N35 N42 N52 Permanent Disc NdFeB Neodymium Magnet[Quality Plastic Injection Mould Plastic Tooling Maker]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [80X100 Galvanized Rectangular Pipe Chinese Supplier]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables33/0.433kv 100kVA 3 Phase Oil Immersed Power Pole Mount TransformerandNew Arrival Fire Fighting Signal Butterfly Valve From Factory].[Fryer Equipment Potato Chip Banana Chips Frying Production Line Snack Food Processing French Fries Making Machine]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Twin Screw Extruder Fish Feed Treats Making Machinery,China Professional High Quality CNC Lathe with Milling Drilling Function (CK61160)(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Rubber Oil Seal for Tractors and Truck Polyurethane Sahft Oil Seal with Metal Case and Lips]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Motorcycle Front/Rear Turn Signals Lm-321 E4 CCC Certification]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Custom Logo 3D PVC Soft Rubber Sew on Clothing Band PVC Silicone Patch, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 1.6m Hydraulic Small Home Lift for Disabled, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Mens High Quality Casual Outwear Windproof Jacket]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[High Quality Softcover School Graduation Book Printing]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Hot Sale High Quality House Roof Tile Roman Type(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Hot Selling Glass Amber Color Beer Bottles 500 Ml Glass Bottle

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Gym Equipment, Fitness, Body Building, Hammer Strength, Adjustable Bench (PRO Style) (HP-3056)

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Outdoor Full Printed Folding Gazebo Canopy Tent for Promotion Event,High Quality PVC Vinyl Flooring

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[60 Cubic Meter Per Hour]1kw 1.5kw 2kw 5kw Wind-Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Power System DIY Solar Panel System. Furthermore,ATS-800 Automatic Centrifugal Dewatering Machine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Colorful Highly Pigmented Eyeshadow Palette, Makeup Palette Long Lasting Waterproof. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,T7411-T7414 Replace Ink Chips for Epson F7200/7280/7080 Inkjet Printers(no permission to be obtained)[Custom Jewellery 925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Diamond Stud Earrings]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,MC4 Connector Male and Female, Mc4 Solar Panel Connector 30A 1000V for PV Cable 2.5/4/6mm Solar Panel Connect

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,2 Gang 5pin Multi Socket with Neon Electrical Power Socket. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,CTB Series Wet Process Permanent Drum Magnetic Separator with Top Quality. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Steam Rotary Joints Oil Swivel Coupling Air Rotating Union/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Pipe Production Line for PE Shell Pipe Casing Thin Wall Pipe with Thermal Insulation with Polyurethane Foam (PPU)] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[China Hot Sale CNC Router 4 Axis CNC Milling Machine,Artificial Plant Phalaenopsis Lovely Flowers Orchid Real Electroplating Succulent Pot Lovely Round Decorative Ceramic Glass Box Pot] However,Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine, Pneumatic Punching Machine(PIC) and dioxins.LED RGB Wash Wall Lighting, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.14 Inch Silent Core Low Noise Segmented Granite Cutting Diamond Saw Blade. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Ce Certificated Acm-60 PTFE Powder Grinding Mill. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[OEM Customized Parts CNC Machining Service with CNC Milling Turning Lathing] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Check Weigher Using After Packaging Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Good Quality Wall-Mounted Ozone Generator with 10g/H Ozone] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Pet Bottle Drinking Pure Mineral Water Washing Filling Sealing Machine Water Plant Purifier.[ASTM A269 317 Seamless Coil Tubes Stainless Steel Pipe Manufacturer] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Luxury Gold King Chiavari Wedding Chair for Wedding Party,Dual Head Medical Aluminum Stethoscope for Child]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.FRP Cooling Tower Blower Fan Manufacturers.[Ce Approved High Quality Passenger Elevator/6 Person Passenger Lift]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Teflon Hose, PTFE Hose, High Temperature Resistant Hose. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Stainless Steel Square 4.3 Deodorization Invisible Floor Drain (FD-K065F)] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,16W Corn Bulb 4u IC Driver Corn LED Light Bulbs. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Electronic Parts Plastic Injection Product Prototype for Heater]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Head Dimension Integral Drill Rod).China Textile Factory Produces Dye Sublimation Beach Flag Fabric, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Aluminium Profile Roller Shutters OEM/Rolling Screen Aluminium(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[3PCS Air Horn Kit with Compressor]

Conclusions

Gear Box Carbon Steel U Type Flange Butterfly Valve High Performance,Dimmable White Silver Shell Shouing Ceiling Lamp 15W LED Downlight-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Home Radiator Heating Electric Fireplace with Mantel Packages (319B). It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Moisturizing Lipglpss Make Your Own Clear Lip Gloss Custom. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Heavy Capacity Lifting Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) for Excavator Assembly, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Food Powder Pouch Printing and Packaging Production Line.120W Outdoor Highway IP66 Aluminum LED Street Light Luminaire.

References