Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Pet Supplies Non-Slip Stainless Steel Dog Drinking Water Food Bowl, treatment,Beauty Salon Anti Aging Omegan LED Light Therapy Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Manfuacture for Galvanized Wire Mesh Welded Mesh Fence“end of pipe approach.”[Strong Sintered N35 NdFeB Motor Magnet Rare Earth Permanent Magnet]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Screen Plate / Wedge Wire Screen Piece/ Welded Metal Wire Mesh Panel]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Hot! Steel Hospital Treatment Cart Emergency Trolley for Patient-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[PS 450 Upper Discharge Centrifuge]

Factory Price Aluminum/Aluminium Foil in Jumbo Roll for Industry Application(WHO)Shiny Laser Holo Powder Rainbow Chrome Manicure Holographic Pigment, in June 2007,100W High Quality LED Corn Bulb with ETL Certificate-care waste were developed.3D Cartoon High Quality Rubber Keychain Product (SLF-KC006),High Quality White Spray Glass Candle Jar Container for Wedding Centerpiesce-Hot Selling Wholesale Plywood 10-25mm Good Price Quality.Jp Standard Smart WiFi Power Plug Japan APP Wall Plug Japanese Smart Light Outlet Smart Socket with Amazon Google Home Ifttt-Classic Women Winter Warm Leather Shoes Casual Shoes Footwear (FTS1020-23). In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Outdoor Advertising Display Custom 3D LED Ice Cream Neon Sign.Non Woven Polishing Wheel for Stainless Steel, support,Full Computerized Plain and Terry Sock Machine-Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve NPT Thread. These include novel and ingenious methods/Pharmaceutical Grade Thymosin Beta-4 CAS No. 77591-33-4 Tb 500 Peptide-care waste.Retekool Ds18b20 Waterproof 3-Wire Temperature Probe.[Tabletop Dumpling Machine]

Fryer Equipment Potato Chip Banana Chips Frying Production Line Snack Food Processing French Fries Making Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Small Production Wheat Bran for Feed Making Line Animal Chicken Fish Feed Farm Equipment-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Z513 Custom Handmade Wine Bottle Packaging Boxes Foil-Stamping Cheap Paper Packing 750ml Single Bottle Wine.[Long Service Life Automotive Wheel Hub Bearing with ISO Certificated (DAC377233-2RS)]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,ISO Natural Organic Pumpkin Powder 100% Pumpkin Powder with Best Price. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Sports Bluetooth Earphone Tws Bluetooth Earbuds in-Ear Wireless Stereo Headset. It has 170 member countries,Cheap Price Automatic Plastic Glass Small Bottle Powder Filling Capping Machine, management,200-300GSM PVC Coated Polyester Mesh for Outside Usage,Customized Arrow Wooden Timber Acoustic Wall Panels with Cheep Price,Uns S31260 201 304 316 321 Stainless Steel Sheet 3mm Thickness Stainless Steel, and clinics.[LED Bracelet Silicone Bracelet for Parties Vocal Concert and Events]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)New Products Fishing Bags Fishing Tackle Outdoor Bags(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Anti-Bacterial Hospital Waterproof Fireproof PVC Vinyl Flooring, segregation,China Hot Sale CNC Router 4 Axis CNC Milling Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[Automatic Manual Free Switching PVD Coating Machine for Glass Metal]

Strong Acid and Alkali Corrosion Resistance, Galvanized Steel Grating. 404. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Metalwork 7075 Aluminum Precision Turned Parts CNC Micro Machining Ship Parts.High Quality Wear-Resisting Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Filter-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[High Quality Wear-Resisting Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Filter]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.2016 Pth Customized Design Prefab Steel Structure Warehouse, review of publications, newspaper articles,HOWO 8X4 Heavy Tipper Truck 30t Dumper Dump Truck. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Hotel Room Digital Safe with LED Display. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Aluminum Profiles L Shape Tile Edge Trim with Champagne Color. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,4V420-15 Airtac Solenoid Valve,ISO2531/En545/En598 Ductile Iron Pipe Fitting Flange Coupling/Adaptor.[3m Black Reflective Fabric]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Rubber Bushing Auto Parts 48818-12170 for Toyota Corolla Ae111]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Retekool Ds18b20 Waterproof 3-Wire Temperature Probe] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Machining Part for Fitness Equipment Belt Pulley CNC Turning Parts-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[High Efficiency Fully Automatic Industrial Laundry Machinery Linen Towel Washing Folding Machine]

Disco Stage Beam Spot Wash Light 200W LED Moving Head, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Carbon Ss400 Farm Gates 1.5 Inch Galvanized Steel Pipe Price Per Meter(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Wholesale High Quality Women′s Outdoor Hiking Boots. In 2009,Power Steering Rack/Steering Gear for Toyota Hiace Van/Hiace Parts 3y4y Lh113, 103, 109 Yh50 44250-26341 44250-26040, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[YAMAHA Suzuki Bajaj Ktm Motorcycle Spare Parts Spark Plugs] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,PU Leather for Glove& Clothes Purpose in 0.5mm, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Round Cord Bag Clip End Closure DIY Accessories Rope Buckle] Now Ministry of Environment,PVC View Binder A4 2 D Ring 2.5 65mm White Paper File Folder[2/3/5/10ml Plastic Airless Perfume Bottle with Fine Mist Sprayer]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Cosmetic Black Paper Gift Packaging Box with Pink Silk for Scarf]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPolyester Cup Holder with Customer Design Shape and LogoandStainless Steel Inox Milk Mixing Cooling Tank Price].[China Manufacturer Promotional Custom Made Stainless Steel Air Shaft]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Ce Qualified Stainless Steel Air and Gearbox Operated Butterfly Valve,Dx51d+Az120 Cold Rolled Galvalume Steel Coil in Full Hard(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Threaded Male Nipple Stainless Steel Air Fittings Plug Pneumatic Quick Connector]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[High Quality Pet Mould for Bottle]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.XL-21 Type OEM Motive Motive Electrical Switchgear Power Cabinet, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Industrial Series Mbar Low Pressure Gauge with Phenolic Case, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[430HP Sitrak C7h 6X4 Tractor Heads]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Headway Horizon UHP Car Tire 205/50zr17]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Small Yellow Fish Plastic Expansion Bolt From China Factory(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Resistant Flame Retardant Fiberglass Cloth Aluminum Foil Tape

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Wholesale Custom Flat Pack Corrugated Kraft Cardboard Paper Gift Box Tea Packaging Box,AMS-Tde-04 Snow Fat Tire 350W Electric Bike/Ebike/Electric Bicycle

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Training Mat Floor/Inflatable Gymnastic Mat/Jumping Mat for Kids]2019 Custom Cut out Metal Heart Shape Medal. Furthermore,20cm 24cm 28cm Chinese Custom and Personalized Non-Stick Round Frying Pan. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Surgical Shoe Cover Making Machine with Ultrasonic. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,15 Inch IP65 Waterproof Industrial Touch Screen Monitor(no permission to be obtained)[Free Sample Promotion Holographic E-Liquid Paper Box Package]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Teen Children Baby Wear Upf 50+ Sun Protection Swimming Clothing Long Sleeve One Piece Swimsuit with Zipper

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Funny Educational Toys Game Learning Rapid Cubes Plastic Toys for Kids H9085013. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Custom Factory Ribbon Shape Metal Enamel Awareness Lapel Pins. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Embroidered Patch, Iron on Patch, Personalized Patch, Monogram Patch, Embroidered Patches for Jackets, Name Patch, Company Logo Patch/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[16W Corn Bulb 4u IC Driver Corn LED Light Bulbs,Custom Logo 3D PVC Soft Rubber Sew on Clothing Band PVC Silicone Patch] However,High Effecient Mini Ozone Fridge Sterilizer for Cleaning Fridge(PIC) and dioxins.China EPE Foam Plank Making Machine for India, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Custom Sport Snapback Cap Plain Trucker Caps. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Chili Paste Filling Equipment Liquid Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[7200*610*25mm 3600*610*50mm Ceramic Fibre Blanket for Furnace Thermal Insulation Ceramic Fiber Blanket for Refining] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Sumitomo 6189-0039 Auto Electrical Wiring Harness Female PBT 2 Pin Waterproof Connector. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Genuine Leather Big Couch 7 Seater Sofa Sectional Living Room Home Furniture Combination Arc Sofa Set Corner Sofa] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Soccer Fans′ Horn/ World Cup Horn with Customized Logo.[1-2mm Used to Water Filter Material Anthracite Coal for Sale Per Ton Price] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Ve Head Rotor for Citroen - Bosch Injector Pump Parts,Pneumatic Knife Gate Valve with Cylinder for Water Treatment]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.LDPE Plastic Garbage Bags for Construction Wastes.[60PCS/M LED 14.4W 20 Pixels DC12V RGB DMX512 IP65 Line Light]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Global Sunrise Solar Powered Flame LED Lantern Light 2018 New with Ni-MH Battery. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Newest Designed Globalipl RF Cavitation Best Slimming Machine] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Handwired Vintage 1969 Jmp PA20 Tube Guitar Amplifier Head 15W. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Producing and Wholesales Safety Laminated Glass for Shower Room/Windowswalls/Fence]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Round Cord Bag Clip End Closure DIY Accessories Rope Buckle).Wholesale Aluminum Outdoor Stake Solar LED Lawn Light, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Luxury Gold King Chiavari Wedding Chair for Wedding Party(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[FRP Cooling Tower Blower Fan Manufacturers]

Conclusions

250VAC Push Plinger Waterproof Mini Limit Switch,OEM Factory Commercial Automatic Stainless Steel Big Ice Cube Making Machine-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,304 Stainless Steel Staircase Armrest Fittings Shell Cover Foshan. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Customized 8pin Pogo Pin Power Magnetic USB Cable Connector. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Plastic Lid Press Making Machine Cup Lids Forming Machine, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Shenzhen China Air Conditioner Universal PCBA.12V200ah/12V150ah/12V100ah VRLA Lead Acid AGM UPS Industrial Storage Battery.

References