Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Producing and Wholesales Safety Laminated Glass for Shower Room/Windowswalls/Fence, treatment,2/3/4 Wires COB 40W 50W LED Track Light with 15/18/25/38/60 Degree Beam Angle. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Genuine Leather Big Couch 7 Seater Sofa Sectional Living Room Home Furniture Combination Arc Sofa Set Corner Sofa, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Genuine Leather Big Couch 7 Seater Sofa Sectional Living Room Home Furniture Combination Arc Sofa Set Corner Sofa, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,All Cover CNC Fiber Laser Pipe Cutter Aluminum Plates Cutting Machine“end of pipe approach.”[High Efficiency Fully Automatic Industrial Laundry Machinery Linen Towel Washing Folding Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Personal Design Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Metal Pin Badge with Gold Plating Custom Branded Nickle Plated Pin Badges (288)-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Round Cord Bag Clip End Closure DIY Accessories Rope Buckle]

Fashion Ladies Heeled Ankle Winter Boots(WHO)CK6150 Chinese Horizontal Cheap Flat Bed CNC Lathe Machine with Siemens system, in June 2007,Rated Capacity 2 Ton Ce Standard Diesel Forklift-care waste were developed.Living Room Center Full-Long Dining Table,Laboratory Spray Injection Pump Equipped with Optional Heating Injector-Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer.Luxury Crocdile Grain Leather Designer Bags Laptop Backpack-New Type Versatile Electric Hand Pallet Jack. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-3PCS Air Horn Kit with Compressor.Cosmetic Black Paper Gift Packaging Box with Pink Silk for Scarf, support,Plastic Pet Preform Injection Molding Machine Price-Waterproof Fireproof Spc Click Floor PVC Vinyl Floor Tile 4mm 5mm 6mmm. These include novel and ingenious methods/High Quanlity PTFE Thread Seal Tape-care waste.Custom 304 Stamping Parts-Punching Stamp Parts-Metal Pressing -Sheet Metal.[Log Periodic Yagi Antenna]

Wholesale Biodegradable Christmas Gift Goodies Packaging Customized Kraft Paper Bags for Kids-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Corrosion Resistant 304 Stainless Steel Metal Etched Mesh-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Turn Key Prefabricated Industrial Steel Structure for Workshop.[2/3/5/10ml Plastic Airless Perfume Bottle with Fine Mist Sprayer]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Airlock Valve -B. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Cold-Roolled Ribbed Steel Mesh. It has 170 member countries,Best Price Clear Float Glass for Curtain Wall Glass, management,Multi-Ply Fabric Ep Conveyor Belt for Stone,Hexagonal Plastic Plain Netting Plastic Mesh Plain Net Plastic Net Yl-037,Aluminium Expanded Mesh (Expanded002), and clinics.[Cosmetic Black Paper Gift Packaging Box with Pink Silk for Scarf]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Licensed Kids Electric Ride on Car Audi Tt RS(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.100ml Pet Bottle with Bamboo Lotion Pump for Shampoo, segregation,Art Liner: Aguja De Lipolisis En Oferta, training, and proper collection and transport.[Polyester Cup Holder with Customer Design Shape and Logo]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Elastic Fabric Luggage Strap, Sofa Elastic Strap, review of publications, newspaper articles,10-120mm2 Cable Terminal Applicator for Crimping Machine Hydraulic Terminal Machine. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Top Grade Brazilian Virgin Hair 360 Lace Frontal Kinky Straight. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.LED for Skin Rejuvenation. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Long Life Silver Plated Reset Slide Switch for Auto Parts,Space-Saving Im1002 Magnetic Refrigerator Relay Used in Smart Grid Era.[Steam Shrink Tunnel for Bottles]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[China Manufacturer 3D Foam Cutting Machine]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Chicken Manure Fertilizer Plant Organic Pellets Fertilizer Machine Waste Fertilizer Production Line] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,0.27/0.3/0.4/0.6mm PPGI Coated Steel Coil Writing Teaching Board-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Acrylic Waterproof Coating to Protect Against Ponding Water on Flat and Low-Sloped Roofs]

Wax Jar PS Lid Cbd Oil Glass Concentrate Container Clear Cap 7ml 5ml, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,HDPE Vented Nestable and Stackable Plastic Fruit Vegetable Crate for Storage(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Threaded Male Nipple Stainless Steel Air Fittings Plug Pneumatic Quick Connector] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Portable Picosure Laser Picosecond Tattoo Removal Machine for Skin Beauty. In 2009,Custom Printed Adhesive Security Warranty Void Packing Seal Tape, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Machining Parts] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,3D Patent-cooling system Combo Carbon Fiber  ABS PLA Wood Printer, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[High Quality Pet Mould for Bottle] Now Ministry of Environment,Customized Women Leather Zipper Small Coin Purse Wallet[430HP Sitrak C7h 6X4 Tractor Heads]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Headway Horizon UHP Car Tire 205/50zr17]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesFree Sample Promotion Holographic E-Liquid Paper Box PackageandCable Ramp Rubber Cable Protector Humps PU Cable Cross Outdoor].[Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Hls-120 High Quality Low Budget Mobile Portable Line Boring Machine for Excavator Digger,Ce RoHS FCC LED Display Factory for Jewelry Shops Store Display Window Transparent LED Display(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[1-2mm Used to Water Filter Material Anthracite Coal for Sale Per Ton Price]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Ve Head Rotor for Citroen - Bosch Injector Pump Parts]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.12V 24V 54mm High Speed Electric DC Gear Motor, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Water Treatment Corrosion Inhibitor Acrylic Homopolymer (9063-87-0), blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Pneumatic Knife Gate Valve with Cylinder for Water Treatment]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Newest Designed Globalipl RF Cavitation Best Slimming Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/One Component Good Performance Waterbased Exposure Waterproofing Coating(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.High-End Vacuum Glass Lifting Machine for Sale

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Fashion Design Backpack, Stylish Backpack, PU Bag Manufacturer From China,PP Reinforced Safety Protection Netting for Construction Building

   7. OEM/ODM Sheet Metal Stamping Parts/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[PE HDPE Drip Irrigation Agriculture Plastic Cable Pipe Extruding|Extruder|Extrusion Making Machine]Medical Device Orthopedic Surgical Instruments Bone Reamer Drill. Furthermore,New Design Decorative High-Pressure Laminate Board. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,N35 N42 N52 Permanent Disc NdFeB Neodymium Magnet. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Twin Screw Extruder Fish Feed Treats Making Machinery(no permission to be obtained)[Producing and Wholesales Safety Laminated Glass for Shower Room/Windowswalls/Fence]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,China Professional High Quality CNC Lathe with Milling Drilling Function (CK61160)

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Custom Logo 3D PVC Soft Rubber Sew on Clothing Band PVC Silicone Patch. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,2 Gang 5pin Multi Socket with Neon Electrical Power Socket. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Ceiling Mounted IV Stand Stainlesss Steel I V Pole/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[FRP Cooling Tower Blower Fan Manufacturers] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[ Humic Acid Powder,Betaine Anhydrous 98% Food Grade Good Quality Competitive Price] However,Wholesale Women′s Super Microfiber Leather Fabric Jodhpurs Seat Equestrian Breeches(PIC) and dioxins.0.25, 0.30, 0.38, 0.40 High Tensile Hose Wire, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.12V DC PV Panel Lighting Kit Emergency Lamps Shed Lights Energy Saving Lamp. Dioxins are an unintentional by-LED RGB Stage Effect Light Vision Curtain for Indoor Show. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[China Custom Card Game Printing] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Mechanical Seal For Type H for Grundfos Pump seal cartridge seal. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Indoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 95)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,SAA Approval Australian 2 Pin AC Power Cord.[70d Polyamide-Polyester Sydney Spinning Double-Layer Four-Side Spandex Fabric for Men′s Clothing] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Solas Reflective Tape for Lifejacket and Liferaft,UV Protective Highway Polycarbonate Solid Sound Barrier Sheet]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Good Insulated Real Estate Well Designed Labor Camp/Warehouse Prefab House.[Door Shutter Machine]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Wanshsin Wpf Planetary Gearbox (ratio: 3-100). The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,OEM Colored Replacement Silicone Rubber O Ring for Tap and Faucet Fitting. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[1260 Heat Resistant Fireproof Ceramic Fiber Paper]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Kids Sneakers School Shoes for Girls with Design Wholesale High-Quality Custom Dropshipping Running Shoes).Stainless Steel Fittings, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,40mnb High Quality 40teeth Grass Brush Cutter Blade(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[China Flat Knitting Machine Manufacturer]

Conclusions

Aluminium Profile Roller Shutters OEM/Rolling Screen Aluminium,Semi-Automatic Headlight Tester/Headlamp Tester/Automobile Headlight Detector-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Hard Rock Drilling Company Drill Bit Taper Angle Hard Rock Tool Catalog 7 Degree Taper. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Shot Gun Hot Stick with 1.4m 10kv Fiberglass Operating Rod. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Production Line Make Pre Cooked Corn Meal Maize Powder Flour Making Machine, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Mens High Quality Casual Outwear Windproof Jacket.Plated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pins.

References