Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Uns S31260 201 304 316 321 Stainless Steel Sheet 3mm Thickness Stainless Steel, treatment,New Products Fishing Bags Fishing Tackle Outdoor Bags. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Anti-Bacterial Hospital Waterproof Fireproof PVC Vinyl Flooring, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Anti-Bacterial Hospital Waterproof Fireproof PVC Vinyl Flooring, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,China Hot Sale CNC Router 4 Axis CNC Milling Machine“end of pipe approach.”[Valve Liquid Level Indicator Device Assembly]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[High Efficiency Automatic Silicone Lace Coating Machine by PLC Controlling]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Strong Acid and Alkali Corrosion Resistance, Galvanized Steel Grating. 404-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Sumitomo 6189-0039 Auto Electrical Wiring Harness Female PBT 2 Pin Waterproof Connector]

Metalwork 7075 Aluminum Precision Turned Parts CNC Micro Machining Ship Parts(WHO)High Quality Wear-Resisting Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Filter, in June 2007,2016 Pth Customized Design Prefab Steel Structure Warehouse-care waste were developed.HOWO 8X4 Heavy Tipper Truck 30t Dumper Dump Truck,Hotel Room Digital Safe with LED Display-Aluminum Profiles L Shape Tile Edge Trim with Champagne Color.4V420-15 Airtac Solenoid Valve-ISO2531/En545/En598 Ductile Iron Pipe Fitting Flange Coupling/Adaptor. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Machining Part for Fitness Equipment Belt Pulley CNC Turning Parts.Disco Stage Beam Spot Wash Light 200W LED Moving Head, support,Carbon Ss400 Farm Gates 1.5 Inch Galvanized Steel Pipe Price Per Meter-Wholesale High Quality Women′s Outdoor Hiking Boots. These include novel and ingenious methods/Power Steering Rack/Steering Gear for Toyota Hiace Van/Hiace Parts 3y4y Lh113, 103, 109 Yh50 44250-26341 44250-26040-care waste.PU Leather for Glove& Clothes Purpose in 0.5mm.[170g Cotton Polyester Spandex Plain Fabric]

PVC View Binder A4 2 D Ring 2.5 65mm White Paper File Folder-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Ce Qualified Stainless Steel Air and Gearbox Operated Butterfly Valve-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Dx51d+Az120 Cold Rolled Galvalume Steel Coil in Full Hard.[Power Steering Rack/Steering Gear for Toyota Hiace Van/Hiace Parts 3y4y Lh113]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,XL-21 Type OEM Motive Motive Electrical Switchgear Power Cabinet. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Wholesale Custom Flat Pack Corrugated Kraft Cardboard Paper Gift Box Tea Packaging Box(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.AMS-Tde-04 Snow Fat Tire 350W Electric Bike/Ebike/Electric Bicycle, segregation,Torch SMT Wave Soldering Machine for PCB, training, and proper collection and transport.[Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe)]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.15 Inch IP65 Waterproof Industrial Touch Screen Monitor, review of publications, newspaper articles,Teen Children Baby Wear Upf 50+ Sun Protection Swimming Clothing Long Sleeve One Piece Swimsuit with Zipper. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Funny Educational Toys Game Learning Rapid Cubes Plastic Toys for Kids H9085013. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.UV Protective Highway Polycarbonate Solid Sound Barrier Sheet. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,18mm Red Oak Green Core Chipboard,Rigid HDPE LDPE Pet PP Bottle and Crate Recycling Granulator Machine /High Speed Singles Screw Extruder Plastic Recycling Machine.[Popular Chinese Style Leather Sofa for Office or Public Area]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[10 Mode Remote Control Single Egg Vibrators 100% Waterproof Speed Jump Egg Love Ball Clitoris Stimulator Sex Toys for Women]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Head Dimension Integral Drill Rod] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,New Arrival Dark Blue Cement Pot with Wooden Stand-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Children Flounce Cold Shoulder Gingham Dress with Belt]

High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Back-Sealing Automatic Packaging Machine- Stainless Steel] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%China Manufacturer Custom Bottle Opener Finisher Medals. In 2009,SUS304 DIN471/JIS2804 Retaining Ring for Shaft, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[36-6 With Purity 99% - 1 2 3-Trimethoxybenzene] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Newest Designed Globalipl RF Cavitation Best Slimming Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[LC/APC Simplex Single Mode Fiber Optic Coupler Adapter] Now Ministry of Environment,Root of Chinese Clematis Extract, Herbal Extract, Plant Extract[2016 Pth Customized Design Prefab Steel Structure Warehouse]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Factory Price Aluminum/Aluminium Foil in Jumbo Roll for Industry Application]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesAbelly 6.3m All Welded Aluminum Fishing BoatandWaterproof Night Vision USA License Plate Frame Rearview Reverse Camera].[Hot Selling Glass Amber Color Beer Bottles 500 Ml Glass Bottle]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Fitness Tube 120cm 11PCS Set TPE Exercise Tube,Explosion-Proof Diaphragm Valve for Bag Filtert Since 1992(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Colorful Highly Pigmented Eyeshadow Palette]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Stainless Steel Barbecue Net BBQ Grill Grates Wire Mesh]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Dog Bath Brush with Stainless Steel, Dog Cleaning, Pet Brush, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Custom Factory Ribbon Shape Metal Enamel Awareness Lapel Pins, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[LED RGB Wash Wall Lighting]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Rigid HDPE LDPE Pet PP Bottle and Crate Recycling Granulator Machine /High Speed Singles Screw Extruder Plastic Recycling Machine]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Embroidered Patch, Iron on Patch, Personalized Patch, Monogram Patch, Embroidered Patches for Jackets, Name Patch, Company Logo Patch(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.High Effecient Mini Ozone Fridge Sterilizer for Cleaning Fridge

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Chili Paste Filling Equipment Liquid Machine,Sumitomo 6189-0039 Auto Electrical Wiring Harness Female PBT 2 Pin Waterproof Connector

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Automatic Cutting Machine]LDPE Plastic Garbage Bags for Construction Wastes. Furthermore,Global Sunrise Solar Powered Flame LED Lantern Light 2018 New with Ni-MH Battery. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Handwired Vintage 1969 Jmp PA20 Tube Guitar Amplifier Head 15W. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Round Cord Bag Clip End Closure DIY Accessories Rope Buckle(no permission to be obtained)[12V200ah/12V150ah/12V100ah VRLA Lead Acid AGM UPS Industrial Storage Battery]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Wholesale Aluminum Outdoor Stake Solar LED Lawn Light

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Luxury Gold King Chiavari Wedding Chair for Wedding Party. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,250VAC Push Plinger Waterproof Mini Limit Switch. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,OEM Factory Commercial Automatic Stainless Steel Big Ice Cube Making Machine/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[China] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[4-20mA Output Digital Magnetic Sewage Flow Meter,1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 Bsp Male Thread Pipe Fitting X 6 8 10 12mm Od Barb Hose Tail Reducer Fitting Multi Size Stainless Steel 304] However,304 Stainless Steel Staircase Armrest Fittings Shell Cover Foshan(PIC) and dioxins.Customized 8pin Pogo Pin Power Magnetic USB Cable Connector, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Plastic Lid Press Making Machine Cup Lids Forming Machine. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Shenzhen China Air Conditioner Universal PCBA. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Slip Silk Pillowcase for Hair 22 Momme 6A 100% Mulberry Silk Oeko Verified] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,12V200ah/12V150ah/12V100ah VRLA Lead Acid AGM UPS Industrial Storage Battery. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Secondary Stainless Steel Coil and Sheet] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Autoclave Indicator Tape, Chemical Indicator, Process Monitoring, CE, Clinical Consumables.[Mini Pocket Sprayer Card Spray Liquid Perfume Dispenser Bottle] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Hot Sale Lovely Shaped Water Filled Baby Soft Teether,Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Cooking Oil Filter Machine Australia Edible Oil Filter Press.[Chocolate Packaging Machine]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.BS-2073b High Level Biological Microscope for College Education. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Solar Battery lifepo4 battery 200ah 48V 50ah 100ah 300ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Storage Battery Pack for Solar System/EV/Ess/UPS] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Stop Valve/Gate Valve for PPR Fittigns. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Load 100kg Light and Beauty Home Elevator for Person]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Interiro MDF/HDF White Primed Painted Molded Door From Factory).ERW Welded BS4568 Galvanized Steel Pipe Class 3, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Customized Hot Rolled Bimetal Steel Plate Wear Resistant Steel Plate(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Diamond Pattern Security Barbs Razor Wire]

Conclusions

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References