Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)OEM Colored Replacement Silicone Rubber O Ring for Tap and Faucet Fitting, treatment,Kids Sneakers School Shoes for Girls with Design Wholesale High-Quality Custom Dropshipping Running Shoes. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Stainless Steel Fittings, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Stainless Steel Fittings, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,40mnb High Quality 40teeth Grass Brush Cutter Blade“end of pipe approach.”[Flexible DC12V/24V SMD 2835 3528 Blue Christmas Light LED Strip]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Vegetable Cutter Kitchen Gadget 330ml Mini Size Handy Pull Chopper]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/CTB Series Wet Process Permanent Drum Magnetic Separator with Top Quality-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[High Effecient Mini Ozone Fridge Sterilizer for Cleaning Fridge]

Steam Rotary Joints Oil Swivel Coupling Air Rotating Union(WHO)Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine, Pneumatic Punching Machine, in June 2007,LED RGB Wash Wall Lighting-care waste were developed.14 Inch Silent Core Low Noise Segmented Granite Cutting Diamond Saw Blade,Ce Certificated Acm-60 PTFE Powder Grinding Mill-Check Weigher Using After Packaging Machine.Pet Bottle Drinking Pure Mineral Water Washing Filling Sealing Machine Water Plant Purifier-FRP Cooling Tower Blower Fan Manufacturers. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Teflon Hose, PTFE Hose, High Temperature Resistant Hose.16W Corn Bulb 4u IC Driver Corn LED Light Bulbs, support,Head Dimension Integral Drill Rod-China Textile Factory Produces Dye Sublimation Beach Flag Fabric. These include novel and ingenious methods/Aluminium Profile Roller Shutters OEM/Rolling Screen Aluminium-care waste.Semi-Automatic Headlight Tester/Headlamp Tester/Automobile Headlight Detector.[Stainless Steel Sink with Double Bowl]

Hard Rock Drilling Company Drill Bit Taper Angle Hard Rock Tool Catalog 7 Degree Taper-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Shot Gun Hot Stick with 1.4m 10kv Fiberglass Operating Rod-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Production Line Make Pre Cooked Corn Meal Maize Powder Flour Making Machine.[Beauty Salon Anti Aging Omegan LED Light Therapy Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Mens High Quality Casual Outwear Windproof Jacket. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Plated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pins. It has 170 member countries,Hot Air 25kg Pet Plastic Hopper Dryer for Injection Molding Machine, management,Blm Mould and Mould Part Production Team Will Utilize Their Experience in The Packaging Industry to Meet Your Mould Build Needs Mould Part,Vvvf VFD Converter AC/DC Solar Power Inverter for Freight Elevator Lift 5.5kw,Tungsten Metal Powder Cast Tungsten Carbide Powder in Various Size, and clinics.[Stage Light Copy Robe Pointe 10r 280W Beam Spot Wash Moving Head Light 16 and 24 DMX Channels]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.0.42mm White Water and Heat Resistant Thermal Insulation Cloth, segregation,Galvanized Aluminum Wire Mesh Window Screen, training, and proper collection and transport.[DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Moisturizing Lipglpss Make Your Own Clear Lip Gloss Custom, review of publications, newspaper articles,Heavy Capacity Lifting Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) for Excavator Assembly. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Food Powder Pouch Printing and Packaging Production Line. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.120W Outdoor Highway IP66 Aluminum LED Street Light Luminaire. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Greatly Discounted Customized Factory Custom Metal Structures,Electrical Contactor 3TF33 AC Magnetic Contactor.[Safety Shoes/Safety Wear/Protective Shoes/Work Shoe/Work Shoes/Running Shoes/Cheap Shoes]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[White Flake Calcium Chloride Dihydrate for Oil]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Acrylic Non-Woven Fabric for Dust Collection Filter Bag] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Solar Battery lifepo4 battery 200ah 48V 50ah 100ah 300ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Storage Battery Pack for Solar System/EV/Ess/UPS-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Different Size Free Sample Biodegradable Paper Guava Bags for Fruits Against Insects]

Rubber Soles Vulcanizing Machine/ Press Machine, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,99.95% China Pure Molybdenum Rod(HCF) in India across 20 states.[14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Leather Tanning Agent BCS Basic Chrome Sulphate 24%-26%. In 2009,Dn25 Approved Stainless Steel 304 Pneumatic Piston Angle Seat Valve, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[4x4 Welded Wire Mesh] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Rg59 with 2core Power Coaxial Cable, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Best Price Clear Float Glass for Curtain Wall Glass] Now Ministry of Environment,LCD Display Bzc-220V-150A PWM Solar Charge Cntroller[Downlight IP65 8W CCT Changeable Fire Rated LED Down Light with Bezel Changeable]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Lucky Key Necklace for Women]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables304L Bright Stainless Steel Pipe Made in ChinaandWholesale Natural Cleaning Boby and Face Ocean Sea Sponge].[Winday Ground Source Heat Pump for Water Chiller]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy,Custom 100% Cotton Face Cleaning Refreshing Wet Towel(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Dimmable White Silver Shell Shouing Ceiling Lamp 15W LED Downlight]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Dg203 Medical Equipment Battery Power Home Using Electric Mobile Patient Transfer Lift]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Diagnostic Medical Clinical Alpk2 Palm Aneroid Digital Bp Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 60m3 Bulk Silo Trailer Wheat Transport for Sale, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Kickstand TPU PC Mobile Phone Case for Huawei Honor 7c/Enjoy 8/Nova 2 Lite/Y7 2018/=Y7 PRO 2018/Y7 Prime]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Sequin Appliques Rainbow 5mm Adhesive Sticker Felt Shapes Circles Felt]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Stainless Steel Screw DIN912 Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws Customised(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   5. Potassium Humate Powder, Humic Acid Powder

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Poultry House Chicken Feed Silo,HD 1080P 4 Channel Car Mobile DVR with GPS, 3G/4G, WiFi

   7. Secondary Stainless Steel Coil and Sheet/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[with Lock System Solar Traffic Cone Light]Free Sample Promotion Holographic E-Liquid Paper Box Package. Furthermore,White Flake Calcium Chloride Dihydrate for Oil. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,1000W 1500W 3 Meters Pipe Laser Cutter CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Metal Sheet. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,High Quality Cleaning Microfiber Magic Spin Mop with Mop Bucket(no permission to be obtained)[1kw 1.5kw 2kw 5kw Wind-Solar-Diesel Generation Hybrid Power System DIY Solar Panel System]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,10 Mode Remote Control Single Egg Vibrators 100% Waterproof Speed Jump Egg Love Ball Clitoris Stimulator Sex Toys for Women

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,2017 Solar Garden Stake Light (RS-124). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Diamond Pattern Security Barbs Razor Wire. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,SS304 SS316 M6 M8 M10 DIN557 Stainless Steel Square Thin Nut/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Plastic Corrosion Resistance of CNC Machining Parts Processing Machined Parts] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology,Outdoor Full Printed Folding Gazebo Canopy Tent for Promotion Event] However,Precision CNC Machining Turning Anodized Aluminum Washers Spacers(PIC) and dioxins.Medical Disposable Oxygen Mask Nebulizer Mask, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Quality Fasteners Screws Bolt with Reasonable Price. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Small Size Liquid Container with Cheap Price. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[10kw Solar Panel Power System Stand Alone Solar System] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Promotional Garment Embroidery Patch with Scotland Logo. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Automotive Industry Machine by Sonic Welding Equipment] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Polycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE Flakes Crude Powder for Concrete.[Diamond Circular Granite Saw Blades for Masonry Cutting] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[HDMI Cable Support 3D 4K and 2160p High Speed HDMI Cable with Ethernet,One-Piece Micro Needle RF System for Scar and Pregnancy Line Remover Beauty Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.2~3 Cm Natural Long Lasting Decorative Flower Roses for Christmas Gifts & Crafts.[Casters And Wheels]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Cummins Diesel Engine Electric Silent Power Generation 16kw -1100kw. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Biodegradable Disposible Straw Pulp Food Box Ppp-1007] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,High Quality Prepayment Energy Meter 12 Volt DC Latching Relays 24V DC Magnetic Contactor Relays. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Multi Functional Professional Long Nose Plier]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (High Quality Electronic Circuit Boards PCBA / PCB Assembly).2018 New Wireless Bt Speaker with UHF Microphone Home KTV, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Drum / Roll Permanent Magnetic Particle Separator Equipment for Mining(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Sj-65 Steel Pipe Plastic Coated Machinery Extruder]

Conclusions

Squeegee Blade,for Oil Fields Clay Stabilizer-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Galvanized Steel Coil (GI) , PPGI PPGL Ppal Writing Board. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Women Fashion Winter V Neck Long Sleeve Clothes. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Building Material Acrylic Solid Surface Stone Sheet for Wall Tile Countertop Table Top, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Electronic Parts Plastic Injection Product Prototype for Heater.Farm Storage Steel Structure Building.

References