Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Single Chamber Tea Bag Machine with PLC Control/Empty Bag Reject Model//31 Years Factory for Tea Bag Packing Machine//, treatment,Handheld Bluetooth Barcode Data Collector Scanner Wireless PDA. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Outdoor Waterproof Adjustable Wall Garden Lighting (KA-G702/B), recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Outdoor Waterproof Adjustable Wall Garden Lighting (KA-G702/B), reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,4mm Carbon Steel Metal Pipe Laser Cutting Machine Fiber 280W Rtj-1325m“end of pipe approach.”[H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H3072)]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Strong Sintered N35 NdFeB Motor Magnet Rare Earth Permanent Magnet]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Ceramic Finishing Titanium Instruments, Cataract Forceps, Vitreo-Retina Forceps-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Screen Plate / Wedge Wire Screen Piece/ Welded Metal Wire Mesh Panel]

28mm Diameter 310S Seamless Stainless Steel Pipe(WHO)Competitive Price Diesel Self Loading Mobile Mixer Truck Cummins Engine for Sale, in June 2007,PVD Vacuum Coating Machine for Stainless Steel, Metal, Ceramic, Mosaic-care waste were developed.15ml 30ml 50ml 100ml Black Gold Transparent Acrylic Plastic Airless Cosmetic Lotion Pump Bottle for Personal Care,Betaine Anhydrous 98% Food Grade Good Quality Competitive Price-Steel Toe-Cap High Cut Winter Boots with Wool Lining Ax05057.Headway Horizon UHP Car Tire 205/50zr17-Shower Room G79z21L Wholesale Price High Grade 304SUS Sliding Glass Bathroom Luxury. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Muli-Functional Police Chain Handcuff Cuff.Heat Exchanger in Heating, Cooling and Condensation of Process Air, support,PLC Servo Piston Liquid Bottle Oil Detergent Shampoo Disinfectant Bleaching Soap Cleaner Corrosive Bottling Filling Machine-Factory Price Cocobetaine CAS68424-94-2 /Coco Betaine 40% BS-12 for Shampoo. These include novel and ingenious methods/Qingdao Us Type Load Binder Lever Chain Tensioner-care waste.Plastic Machinery for Producing IC Electronics Package Pipe.[Custom Stainless Steel Stamping Bone Shape Colorful Blank Metal Dogtag]

800mm Slurry Shield MTB Machine-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Screw Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw/Fastener-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Epoxy Spring Snap Button.[PS 450 Upper Discharge Centrifuge]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Winday Ground Source Heat Pump for Water Chiller. It has 170 member countries,ASTM A53 Carbon Steel Hot Dipped Galvanized Pipe Nipples, management,Sidewinder Rubber Cable Protector Ramp, Rubber Cable Cross,Sintec Full Auto Glass Processing Machine CNC Cutting Machine,12 Inch King Mattress Latex Foam Memory Foam Mattress, and clinics.[Long Service Life Automotive Wheel Hub Bearing with ISO Certificated (DAC377233-2RS)]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Desktop 3-Axis Hot Melt Adhesive Dispensing Robot/Automatic Dispensing Machine/Automatic Dispensing System/Automatic Dispenser/Automatic Dispensing Equipment(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Jeans Denim Fabric Blanch Ozone Generator, segregation,2019 Advance Technologies Double Twist Hexagonal Wire Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[LED Bracelet Silicone Bracelet for Parties Vocal Concert and Events]

7/8 Inch Galvanized Steel Wire Strand/Guy Wire/Gay Wire/Stay Wie. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Hot Sale Industrial Chillers for Beverage.Factory Price Peristaltic Hose Pump for Textile Mill-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Automatic Manual Free Switching PVD Coating Machine for Glass Metal]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Highly Extra Safety and Efficient Floor-Slab Table Formwork System, review of publications, newspaper articles,Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h). The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Round Vibrating Separator Machine - Round Vibratory Sieve. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Kitchen Cookware Dinner Cooking Large Size Stainless Steel Soup Pot. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Downlight IP65 8W CCT Changeable Fire Rated LED Down Light with Bezel Changeable,Yangtze 12V 18ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Charger Module.[m.gilardinoflooring.com]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[High Quality Wear-Resisting Stainless Steel Wire Mesh for Filter]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Rubber Bushing Auto Parts 48818-12170 for Toyota Corolla Ae111] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Gas Spring for Cabinet Door (YQL)-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Retekool Ds18b20 Waterproof 3-Wire Temperature Probe]

Rubber PVC Food Grade Conveyor Belt System Manufacturers Stainless Modular Conveyor Belt, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Good Price Fiberglass Roofing Material Goethe Types Architecture Shingle for Luxury Villa(HCF) in India across 20 states.[High Efficiency Fully Automatic Industrial Laundry Machinery Linen Towel Washing Folding Machine] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Clear Glass Storage Jar Food Spice Jar with Cork Lid. In 2009,Machining Spare Part CNC Machined High Volume Aluminum Parts, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Custom-Made Stationery Mold Plastic Pen Holder] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Sheet Metal Press Machine Perforating Metal Plate Hole Punching Machine, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Aluminum Foil Container Making Machine] Now Ministry of Environment,6.35mm Mono Plug to RCA Jack Adapter[Round Cord Bag Clip End Closure DIY Accessories Rope Buckle]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [2/3/5/10ml Plastic Airless Perfume Bottle with Fine Mist Sprayer]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesCosmetic Black Paper Gift Packaging Box with Pink Silk for ScarfandPneumatic Hand Hammer Air Leg Rock Drill Yt28 Type].[Polyester Cup Holder with Customer Design Shape and Logo]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Army Camouflage Cotton Plain T Shirt with Short Sleeve,Small Clear Glass Spray Bottles for Aromatherapy Essential Oils(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Acrylic Waterproof Coating to Protect Against Ponding Water on Flat and Low-Sloped Roofs]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Threaded Male Nipple Stainless Steel Air Fittings Plug Pneumatic Quick Connector]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Modern Design Steel Structure Broiler Chicken Ground System, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 1t Sealed Pressure Storage Moveable Tank for Chemical, Transportion, Cosmetic, Gel, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[High Quality Pet Mould for Bottle]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[430HP Sitrak C7h 6X4 Tractor Heads]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Mercury Glass Votive Tealight Candle Holders for Weddings, Parties and Home Decor(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Auto Pk Belt Fan Air Conditioning Booster Pump Belt

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

   4. Vp-0100 Intelligent Electric Valve Actuator Rotary Valve Motorized Actuator Low Torque Actuator for Ball Valve Butterfly Valve Quarter Turn Electric Actuator

   5. Hospital Bracelets Watch for Patient Fashion Stainless Steel Free Sample

   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,OEM EPDM/NBR/Butyl/Nr/Cr/Viton/Silicone Custom Molded Rubber Parts,Diamond PDC Coring Bits, Rock Drilling Tools

   7. Flying CO2 Laser Marking Machine with Red Locating System/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Plantar Fasciitis Night Splint]New IP65 100W UFO LED Highbay Light with UL Dlc. Furthermore,Solar Panel Thermodynamic System Domestic Commercial Hot Water Heat Pump. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Good Performance Low Cost Skip Type Concrete Batching Plant Hzs25. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe / Threaded Conduit Gi Pipe 1 1/4 Inch(no permission to be obtained)[Headway Horizon UHP Car Tire 205/50zr17]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Sequin Appliques Rainbow 5mm Adhesive Sticker Felt Shapes Circles Felt

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,HDMI Cable Support 3D 4K and 2160p High Speed HDMI Cable with Ethernet. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Serrated Beaing Bar Grating, Galv. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Industrial Steel Structural Warehouse From China/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Free Sample Promotion Holographic E-Liquid Paper Box Package] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining,16W Corn Bulb 4u IC Driver Corn LED Light Bulbs] However,Factory Directly Pasta Maker with More Mould Shapes(PIC) and dioxins.High Quality Wool Felt Porkpie Fedora Trilby Hat, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.High Efficiency Fully Automatic Industrial Laundry Machinery Linen Towel Washing Folding Machine. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Animal Manure Compost Organic Fertilizer Granular Machine with Ce. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[High Tray Luxury Complete Shower Room with Six Jets Shelf Hand Shower] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Winter Colorful Cute Fur Unicorn Slipper Shoes for Home. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Custom Logo 3D PVC Soft Rubber Sew on Clothing Band PVC Silicone Patch] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,50X70mm Suspended Pendant Lights LED Aluminum Profile for LED Strip Lights.[Genuine Leather Big Couch 7 Seater Sofa Sectional Living Room Home Furniture Combination Arc Sofa Set Corner Sofa] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[1-2mm Used to Water Filter Material Anthracite Coal for Sale Per Ton Price,Ve Head Rotor for Citroen - Bosch Injector Pump Parts]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Desktop Aluminum Alloy Magnetic Holder Phone Stand Mobile Phone Holder.[www.cnvegeprotein.com]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Galvanized Normal Twisted Barbed Wire. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Pneumatic Knife Gate Valve with Cylinder for Water Treatment] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Matt Gray 4.5 mm PVC Click Lock Vinyl Plank Flooring. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Newest Designed Globalipl RF Cavitation Best Slimming Machine]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Korea Glittery Heat Transfer Film /Vinyl for Clothes/T-Shirt Printing Cdg-16 Light Multi).Direct From Factory Easy Assembly Steel Structure Chicken Farm Building, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Outdoor Amplifier Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-02B-2)(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Producing and Wholesales Safety Laminated Glass for Shower Room/Windowswalls/Fence]

Conclusions

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References