Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Amarok Tail Gate Cab Bed Liner Bed Rail Cap Black, treatment,Outdoor Cycling Fishing Hiking Beach Camping Head Umbrella Women Men Kids Sun Rain Umbrella Hat Cap. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,6V225ah Deep Cycle Battery Gel Battery for Marine / Golf Cart /Electric Vehicle, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,6V225ah Deep Cycle Battery Gel Battery for Marine / Golf Cart /Electric Vehicle, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,1pair Antistatic Gloves Anti Static ESD Electronic Working Gloves PU Coated“end of pipe approach.”[Excellent Performance Ultrasound Bone Densitometer/ Trolley Ultrasound Machine Price]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Rubber Soles Vulcanizing Machine/ Press Machine]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/PCBA for Air Conditioner Control Board Assembly-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[High-End Vacuum Glass Lifting Machine for Sale]

China Manufacturer Hot Sale PVC Urine Bag 200+2000ml(WHO)Sw-Cj-1d Vertical Air Supply Clean Bench, in June 2007,Building Wall 3D EPS Sandwich Panel Welding Machine-care waste were developed.Custom Size Christmas Gift Personalized Watch Boxes for Men,Heavy Duty and Strong Large Natural Canvas Tote Bags with Bottom Gusset-Suction Cup Toilet Grab Handle.99.95% Pure Molybdenum/Tungsten Hot Zone for Sapphire Growing Furnace-Aluminum Alloy Wheel for Car with 5 Holes for BMW. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Two Flat Pin South America Plug (Y058).High Efficiency Label Ribbons Calender Machine, support,Wholesale Plating Silver Finish Aluminum 6061/Stainless Steel Stamping Metal Parts-Fashion Design Bhs Shaft End Seal for Concrete Mixer. These include novel and ingenious methods/79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set-care waste.48kw/60kVA Soundproof Power Moveable Diesel Generator Set.[HVAC Contactor /Air Conditioner Contactor /Definite Purpose Contactor]

5050 Flexible IP67 Silicone Tube LED Strip-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Factory Price New Type Fast Connector Fac Sc Upc Fast Connector-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Top Quality Glutamate Sodium with High Purity.[Pharmaceutical Cold Bottom Aluminum Foil for Blister Packaging (8011 8021 8079)]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Terracotta ASA Coated PVC Roofing Tile for Villa. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

1602 16 Characters 2 Line LCD Module with Cog Yellow Green LED, White Backlight. It has 170 member countries,Permanent Magnet for Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS motor), management,Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen,High Quality 4 Beams Wired Photoelectric Active Infrared Perimeter Dual Beam Motion Detector,Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology, and clinics.[Qt12-15 High Quality Industries Foam Concrete Block Making Machine]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Qt8-15 Hydraulic Cylinder Brick Making Machine Curbstone Block Machine(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.ASTM API 5L Seamless Steel Pipe Price, segregation,Imported Raw Silk 8 Braided Multi Color Fishing PE Line, training, and proper collection and transport.[ Bathroom Cabinets From Manufacturer]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.M16-M30 Metric Steel Hex Head Bolts Class10.9 High Strength Bolts, review of publications, newspaper articles,High Quality Polyester Retro Reflective Fabric for Clothing. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H3072). In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Wash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker Printing. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale,Popular Needle Free Jet Injection Hyaluronic Acid Pen for Skin Whitening.[m.hrbpackgroup.com]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Sp90.16.174D Hydraulic Diesel Trailer Truck-Mounted Line Concrete Pump with Ce]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[High Tension Grade 80 Alloy Black Chain] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,3D Modern Brick Interior Wallpapers 3D Paper Wall Decoration-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Flexible Temperature Chemical SAE 100r14/Teflon Hose]

Custom Injection Molding Product ABS Plastic Injection, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Galvanized Steel Coil (GI) ] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce. In 2009,Plastic PPR Water& Electric Conduit Pipe Tube (extruder, haul off, cutting winding, belling) Extrusion Extruding Making Production Line Machine, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Ce Approved Economic Biomass Wood Sawdust Pellet Mill] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,High Quality Strong Aluminum Window Screen Door Mosquito Net Insect Net, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Cast Iron Cookware Casserole Pot/Enamel Coating Cast Iron Cookware] Now Ministry of Environment,Draught Beer Brewery Equipment Amstel Bier Beer Brewery Plant[2 Country Rustic Finish Wood Storage Crate Decorative Tray Carrier Boxes]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Custom Injection Molding Product ABS Plastic Injection]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesFirst-Class DIP Soldering Machine for PCBA Production LineandHigh Tray Luxury Complete Shower Room with Six Jets Shelf Hand Shower].[1*1m Interlocking Foam Children′s Portable Play Mats]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Insulation Top Hung Aluminum Awning Window with Mosquito Net,Hot Latest Sexy Womens Gym Wear Online(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[ERW Welded BS4568 Galvanized Steel Pipe Class 3]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[17 X 15 Mesh Fiberglass Window Screen / Fly/Insect /Mosquito Mesh]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Semi Precious Stone Fashiong Natural Crystal Amethyst Beaded Charming Bracelet Jewellery, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[New Arrival Dark Blue Cement Pot with Wooden Stand]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Heavy Duty Electromagnet for Lifting Scrap MW5 Series]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss,Electric Heavy Duty Rail Guided Vehicle for Transportation

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Educational Wallpaper]Lab Multi-Function High Speed Mixer. Furthermore,Kga Series Rubber Decorative Slip-Proof and Nail-Hidden Alu Flooring Profiles. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Wholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle Jar. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines(no permission to be obtained)[2018 Lf-Xg50 Paper Straw Making Machine]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,M-02 Round Shape Green Plastic Sprayed Garden Spade

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Measuring Wheel Foldable Meter Measuring Wheel HD03. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Stone Carving Sculpture Marble Garden Fountain with Planter Pot Fore Home Decoration. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,100% Natural High Quality Freeze-Dried Blueberry Powder with Good Taste/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Desktop Aluminum Alloy Magnetic Holder Phone Stand Mobile Phone Holder] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Non Woven Polishing Wheel for Stainless Steel,Optical Workstation Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-11)] However,Hot Sales Titanium Dioxide Anatase(PIC) and dioxins.Teflon Paper for Heat Press, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Mining Machinery Sandvik Symons Nordberg Mantle Cone Crusher Parts. Dioxins are an unintentional by-China Supplier European Standard 10 Ton Electric Wire Rope Hoist. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Artificial Berry Wreaths] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,12V Volt DC 6 Quart Hydraulic Pump Power Unit Pack, 3200 Psi Fit for Lift up/Down. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[2017 New Quick Charge QC3.0 Power Bank Mobile Charger] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Geometric Tall/Large Plants Glass Terrarium Planter Pot Box for Christmas Decorative.[Best Selling High Quality Automatic Palletizing Robot Machine Manipulator] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[New Design 100kVA 6 Cylinder Jet Power Low Noise Generator Price,Melamine Particle Board for Outdoor Usage/White Melamine Faced Veneer Chipboard]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Dry Cutting Segmented Concrete and Granite Diamond Cutting Saw Blade.[Full Service All Ceramic Restorations Implant Dental Lab]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Dental Chair Foot Pad Dental Mat Cushion Seat Unit Dustproof Cover Protector. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Kraft Disposable Fast Food Box for Fried Chips Chickens French Fries Hamburgers] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Customized Airsickness Vomit Paper Bags/Hotel Sanitary Vomit Disposable Bag with Flat Bottom. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Finks 41 Inch Spruce Sapele Folk & Acoustic Guitar Many Colors]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Exquisite Ceramic Hand Color Double Bones Big Polka DOT Dog Bowl Anti-Tips Pet Cat Bowl Dog Pot Dog Food Bowl).FUJI 8 Persons 630kg Stainless Steel Mirror Home Sightseeing Villa Hospital Passenger Elevator Lift for Sale, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Multi-Rows on Edge Packaging Machine for Snacks(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Custom Design Top Quality Low MOQ Warm Winter Indoor Long Men Socks]

Conclusions

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References