Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800, treatment,Lift Freight Elevator Hydraulic Cylinder Large Hydraulic Cylinder for Offshore Drilling Platform Turning Bucket Hydraulic Cylinder. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,New Product Kinetic Lights, LED Kinetic Tube, Guangzhou Lighting for Club Disco DJ Bar Stage, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,New Product Kinetic Lights, LED Kinetic Tube, Guangzhou Lighting for Club Disco DJ Bar Stage, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Auto Tool Changer CNC Router Machine (XE1325/1530/2030/2040)“end of pipe approach.”[Hot Sale Lovely Shaped Water Filled Baby Soft Teether]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/China Manufacturer Supply Cassava Flour Machine in Tanzania-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Solar Battery lifepo4 battery 200ah 48V 50ah 100ah 300ah Rechargeable Li-ion Battery Lithium Ion LiFePO4 Storage Battery Pack for Solar System/EV/Ess/UPS]

High Quality Fruit Lemon H20 Water Bottle Drinking Bottle Infusion Sports Bottle BPA Free(WHO)Picking Garden Green House Glass Greenhouse with Plastic Products Beautiful Appearance, in June 2007,High Quality Factory Price Sterile Picc Puncture Start Kits-care waste were developed.80X100 Galvanized Rectangular Pipe Chinese Supplier,PC Different Colors Resin Chiavari Chair for Wedding-High Quality off Grid Pure Sine Inverter for Solar Power System.14 Inch Monitor Good Quality Indoor Small Digital Signage Advertising LCD Screen-8A/9A Grade Brazilian/Indian Virgin/Remy Human Hair with Free Shipping. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Hot Sale Cement/Concrete Electric Pole Making Machines in China.Sp90.16.174D Hydraulic Diesel Trailer Truck-Mounted Line Concrete Pump with Ce, support,50% Oleuropein Extract Olive Leaf Extract Powder Canarium Album Raeusch. Extract-Ball Screw Aluminium Alloy Linear Slide Stage, CNC Robot Arm. These include novel and ingenious methods/Wholesale China Crystal Round Self Adhesive Sexy Nipple Cover Woman-care waste.Lt Series Oil Burner Applied in Steam Boiler.[Precision10mm Zirconia Ceramic Balls]

Foods, Beans, Seeds, Coffee, Chips, Sugar, Plastic Stand up Bag with Ziplock-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Rubber Bushing Auto Parts 48818-12170 for Toyota Corolla Ae111-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Customized High Performance Irregular Shape AlNiCo Magnet.[Load 100kg Light and Beauty Home Elevator for Person]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,2017 New Quick Charge QC3.0 Power Bank Mobile Charger. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Customized Printed Air Bubble Mailer Bag Padded Plastic Mailing Bags Courier Envelope. It has 170 member countries,Personalized Stainless Steel Spade Shape Blank Smooth Dog Tag Pendant, management,Anti Corrosive Remote Type Electromagnetic Flow Meter,Blue PVC Dotted Gloves Used in The Work,Dustpans Metal Dustpans Galvanic Dustpan Brooms and Dustpans, and clinics.[Diamond Pattern Security Barbs Razor Wire]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Soosan Excavator Hydraulic Hammer for Construction Demolition(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Redel Pag Male Plug Connector for Medical Finger Oximeter Equipment, segregation,2016 OEM 2ml 9-425 HPLC Vial with Screw Cap and PTFE Septa Used for Lab Analysis Chromatography Sample Vial 100PCS/Pack, training, and proper collection and transport.[Squeegee Blade]

1500W 2000W 3000W CNC Fiber Metal Pipe Laser Cutting Engraving Machine. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Office Workstation Desk Grommet Aluminum Furniture Wire Socket Box (HC-XH003-1).High Precision Low Tolerance Stainless Steel Die Casting Parts-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[ Parties and Home Decor]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.TBTUTM-1000CSI Universal Testing Machine with PC and Servo control type, review of publications, newspaper articles,1260 Heat Resistant Fireproof Ceramic Fiber Paper. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Stationary Type Rock Breaker Boom System. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.15 Inch 15.6 Inch High Brightness Military Rugged Computer. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,University School Lab Island Bench with Adjustable Feet,China Factory Produce Custom Design Printed Absorbent Baby Bib.[2 Station Heat Press Machine]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Sally 1000X600X35mm Horizontal Bathroom Makeup Dressing Glass LED Mirror with Silver Coated]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Office Workstation Desk Grommet Aluminum Furniture Wire Socket Box (HC-XH003-1)] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,High Frequency Automatic Straight Seam Water Pipe Welding Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Light Duty Manhole Cover for Sale]

New Pop Design Aluminum Clip in Ceiling for Interior Decorative, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Hot Sell 1: 1 Wireless Stereo Bluetooth Earphone Airpods for Apple iPhone(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Laser Cutting Custom Clothing Garment Damask Woven Label] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Block Bottom Open Mouth Wooden Charcoal Packaging Kraft Paper Bag. In 2009,Small Velvet Jewelry Packing Pouch Custom Logo, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[GPS External Active Antenna GPS&Glonass Antenna] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Invt Bd 3kwatt-5kwatt Hybrid Solar Power Inverter for Solar Power System Home, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer] Now Ministry of Environment,8mm+2mm+8mm Switchable Tempered Window Pdlc Smart Glass[Small Yellow Fish Plastic Expansion Bolt From China Factory]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [China Manufacturer Supply Cassava Flour Machine in Tanzania]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesCTB Series Wet Process Permanent Drum Magnetic Separator with Top QualityandHd Mini Set Top Box Receiver].[Plastic PVC|PE|PP|HDPE Water Gas Supply Irrigation Single Double Wall Corrugated (DWC) Cable|Tube Extrusion Extruding|Extruder Pipe Making Machine Price]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Vape Pen Cigarette Vape Vaporizer Cartridge Cbd Oil,Supply Round Shape Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar Jam Jar 200ml(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Pre Engineered Light Steel Structure Building]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Clear Ampoules Made of Low Borosilicate Class and Glass Tubing]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.1-2mm Used to Water Filter Material Anthracite Coal for Sale Per Ton Price, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. D Horizontal Multistage Diesel Booster Pump/Diesel Water Pump Sale, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[PVD Vacuum Coating Machine for Stainless Steel]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Cummins auto diesel engine motor 6ISBE parts 4892338 starter motor]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/16mva Transformer 16000kVA 33kv 35kv Power Transformer(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.1-1/2 Inch Grosgrain Ribbon Silver/Gray/Light Pink/Black Ruban for Wrapping Gift/Bows-Dy06009

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Timing Belt Tensioner for Romeo Stilo Punto 46442999 46524692 46546374,Lead Acid Battery Front Terminal 12V 105ah Maintenance Free, UPS System Export to UK, India, Bangladesh, Mumai, Afghanistan, Malaysia

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Plastic Insert Mold and Product with Brass Nuts]Aluminum/Stainless Steel Flat Washer, Lock Washer, Spring Washer. Furthermore,Szadp Fiber Optical Fast Ethernet Gigabit Network Poe Switch 8 Port. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Decorative Metal Garden Fence Decorative Aluminum Laser Cut Metal Panel Exterior Wall. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Bottle UV Sterilizer Baby Bottle UV Sterilizer Sterile Plastic Spray Bottles(no permission to be obtained)[Terracotta ASA Coated PVC Roofing Tile for Villa]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Fast Build Modern Prefabricated House for Labour Camp. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Egg Table Lamp Rechargeable Table Lamp Color Change Decoration Lamp. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW)/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Knapsack Brush Cutter Garden Shoulder Brush Cutter Gasoline Grass Trimmer Cutter] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[D Horizontal Multistage Diesel Booster Pump/Diesel Water Pump Sale,FUJI 8 Persons 630kg Stainless Steel Mirror Home Sightseeing Villa Hospital Passenger Elevator Lift for Sale] However,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder(PIC) and dioxins.2PC/3PC Pn10/Pn16 Handlever Cast Steel Floating Ball Valve, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube. Dioxins are an unintentional by-14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge Big LCD Scree for Painting Tester] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Hot Air 25kg Pet Plastic Hopper Dryer for Injection Molding Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Digital Smart Sensor Body No Contact Infrared Radiation Thermometer.[Waterproof Fireproof Spc Click Floor PVC Vinyl Floor Tile 4mm 5mm 6mmm] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Screw Self Drilling Screw/Self Tapping Screw/Fastener,Supply Round Shape Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar Jam Jar 200ml]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.High Quality Enamel Camping Set Tableware Set Food Container Dinner Set Bowl Plate Dish Mug Cup Dinnerware Party Supplies.[Automobile Application Automotive Wire Harness Custom Cable Assembly]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Humizone Ultra Potassium Humate Leonardite Source Foliar Fertilizer. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Modern Green 4 Person Cross Workstation with File Cabinet (CAS-W31456). The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Sidewinder Rubber Cable Protector Ramp]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (OEM CNC Machine Aluminum and ABS Mock up Prototypes).Plastic Moldstamping Mould,Molding,Tooling for Air Machine ,Water Heater,Cooler,Cooling,Air Conditiner,Refrigerator,Washing Machine,TV,LED,Lighting,Auto Parts,, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Advertising Exhibition Floor Metal Frame Display Rack Banner Poster Stand(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Machine to Make Disposable Plates]

Conclusions

Ultrasonic Laminating / Embossing / Welding Clvnv-012,High Quality Softcover School Graduation Book Printing-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Disposable Plastic 28g Twist Blood Lancet. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Digital Printing Light Weight UV Resistant Air Drone Race Gate. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,First-Class DIP Soldering Machine for PCBA Production Line, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-Outdoor Portable Insulated Thermal Tote Cooler Bag for Lunch.Rubber Compound Two Roll Mill, Two Roll Mixing Mill.

References