Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Handheld Digital Infrared Thermometer Temperature Gun, treatment,Winday Ground Source Heat Pump for Water Chiller. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,ASTM A53 Carbon Steel Hot Dipped Galvanized Pipe Nipples, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,ASTM A53 Carbon Steel Hot Dipped Galvanized Pipe Nipples, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Sidewinder Rubber Cable Protector Ramp, Rubber Cable Cross“end of pipe approach.”[Automatic Hard Candy Depositing Line (PLC Control)]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Drum / Roll Permanent Magnetic Particle Separator Equipment for Mining]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Sintec Full Auto Glass Processing Machine CNC Cutting Machine-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Wholesale Aluminum Outdoor Stake Solar LED Lawn Light]

12 Inch King Mattress Latex Foam Memory Foam Mattress(WHO)Desktop 3-Axis Hot Melt Adhesive Dispensing Robot/Automatic Dispensing Machine/Automatic Dispensing System/Automatic Dispenser/Automatic Dispensing Equipment, in June 2007,Jeans Denim Fabric Blanch Ozone Generator-care waste were developed.2019 Advance Technologies Double Twist Hexagonal Wire Machine,7/8 Inch Galvanized Steel Wire Strand/Guy Wire/Gay Wire/Stay Wie-Hot Sale Industrial Chillers for Beverage.Factory Price Peristaltic Hose Pump for Textile Mill-Highly Extra Safety and Efficient Floor-Slab Table Formwork System. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Stacker High Speed Ultrasonic Label Cutter (Alc-108h).Round Vibrating Separator Machine - Round Vibratory Sieve, support,Kitchen Cookware Dinner Cooking Large Size Stainless Steel Soup Pot-Downlight IP65 8W CCT Changeable Fire Rated LED Down Light with Bezel Changeable. These include novel and ingenious methods/Yangtze 12V 18ah Electric Motorcycle Lithium Battery Charger Module-care waste.Gas Spring for Cabinet Door (YQL).[Comfortable Men′s Safety Shoes Sport in Guangzhou]

Rubber PVC Food Grade Conveyor Belt System Manufacturers Stainless Modular Conveyor Belt-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Good Price Fiberglass Roofing Material Goethe Types Architecture Shingle for Luxury Villa-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Clear Glass Storage Jar Food Spice Jar with Cork Lid.[400mm UHP Graphite Electrode with Nipples for Smelting]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Machining Spare Part CNC Machined High Volume Aluminum Parts. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Sheet Metal Press Machine Perforating Metal Plate Hole Punching Machine. It has 170 member countries,6.35mm Mono Plug to RCA Jack Adapter, management,Army Camouflage Cotton Plain T Shirt with Short Sleeve,Small Clear Glass Spray Bottles for Aromatherapy Essential Oils,Modern Design Steel Structure Broiler Chicken Ground System, and clinics.[Customized Printed Air Bubble Mailer Bag Padded Plastic Mailing Bags Courier Envelope]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)1t Sealed Pressure Storage Moveable Tank for Chemical, Transportion, Cosmetic, Gel(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Mercury Glass Votive Tealight Candle Holders for Weddings, Parties and Home Decor, segregation,Auto Pk Belt Fan Air Conditioning Booster Pump Belt, training, and proper collection and transport.[Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame]

Vp-0100 Intelligent Electric Valve Actuator Rotary Valve Motorized Actuator Low Torque Actuator for Ball Valve Butterfly Valve Quarter Turn Electric Actuator. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Hospital Bracelets Watch for Patient Fashion Stainless Steel Free Sample.OEM EPDM/NBR/Butyl/Nr/Cr/Viton/Silicone Custom Molded Rubber Parts-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[ Pellet Calcium Chloride Used for Construction Industry]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Diamond PDC Coring Bits, Rock Drilling Tools, review of publications, newspaper articles,Flying CO2 Laser Marking Machine with Red Locating System. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,New IP65 100W UFO LED Highbay Light with UL Dlc. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Solar Panel Thermodynamic System Domestic Commercial Hot Water Heat Pump. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Good Performance Low Cost Skip Type Concrete Batching Plant Hzs25,Pre-Galvanized Steel Pipe / Threaded Conduit Gi Pipe 1 1/4 Inch.[NPK Water Soluble Fertilzier Granular 15-5-20 Te NPK Fertilizer]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[2~3 Cm Natural Long Lasting Decorative Flower Roses for Christmas Gifts & Crafts] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Sequin Appliques Rainbow 5mm Adhesive Sticker Felt Shapes Circles Felt-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Decorative Stainless Steel 304 Ss Pipe Supplier]

HDMI Cable Support 3D 4K and 2160p High Speed HDMI Cable with Ethernet, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Injection Molding Screw Types/ Plastic Mold Components(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Fast Delivery Custom Made Softcover Book Printing] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%24V 300ah Lithium Battery Energy Storage Battery Li-ion High Power Battery LiFePO4 Battery UPS Battery Power Supply Rechargeable Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery. In 2009,Full Automatic 2000kghr Oil Fired Boiler, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Sarms Yk11/Yk-11 to Achieve Anabolic Injectable Steroid Type Results] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Construction Scaffolding Galvanized Steel Pipe (Gi Pipe), increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[8 Kyocera 220sqm/H Blanket Woven Knitted Fabric Digital Textile Belt Printer] Now Ministry of Environment,Cast Iron Wafer Butterfly Valve with Two Holes[Bigger Volume Air Bag Dust Collector]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Lead Acid Battery Front Terminal 12V 105ah Maintenance Free]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPet and PP Geobag with UV High Strength ThermalandColorful Runway Surface Artificial Grass].[120W Outdoor Highway IP66 Aluminum LED Street Light Luminaire]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Low Price Concertina Razor Barbed Wire Cbt-65,Fireproof 3732 Grey Color Silicone Rubber Coated Fiberglass Fabric(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Unique Die Cut Coloring Hard Cover Kids Board Comic Alarm Clock Book Printing China]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Humizone Ultra Potassium Humate Leonardite Source Foliar Fertilizer]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.2019 Anti-Scratch Wooden Look Interlocking Click PVC Vinyl Floor Spc Flooring for Home, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 2/3/5/10ml Plastic Airless Perfume Bottle with Fine Mist Sprayer, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[24V 300ah Lithium Battery Energy Storage Battery Li-ion High Power Battery LiFePO4 Battery UPS Battery Power Supply Rechargeable Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Egg Table Lamp Rechargeable Table Lamp Color Change Decoration Lamp]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/China Hydraulic Factory Rubber Hose Tube Fittings From Ningbo City(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.SKF Double Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing 3204/3205/3206/a/Atn9/2z 2RS1/Tn9/Ztn9/Mt33/C3

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Serrated Beaing Bar Grating, Galv,Industrial Steel Structural Warehouse From China

   7. Factory Directly Pasta Maker with More Mould Shapes/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Motorized Track Zebra Blind]High Quality Wool Felt Porkpie Fedora Trilby Hat. Furthermore,High Efficiency Fully Automatic Industrial Laundry Machinery Linen Towel Washing Folding Machine. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Animal Manure Compost Organic Fertilizer Granular Machine with Ce. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Winter Colorful Cute Fur Unicorn Slipper Shoes for Home(no permission to be obtained)[China Hydraulic Factory Rubber Hose Tube Fittings From Ningbo City]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,50X70mm Suspended Pendant Lights LED Aluminum Profile for LED Strip Lights

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Desktop Aluminum Alloy Magnetic Holder Phone Stand Mobile Phone Holder. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,All Cover CNC Fiber Laser Pipe Cutter Aluminum Plates Cutting Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Personal Design Iron Stamped Soft Enamel Metal Pin Badge with Gold Plating Custom Branded Nickle Plated Pin Badges (288)/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[3000K 28 in. L X 39 in W Hotel Bathroom Single Wall LED Lighted Mirror with Defogger] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[2 Gang 5pin Multi Socket with Neon Electrical Power Socket,Anti-Slip TPU or PVC Tactile Indicator Paving Tile] However,Fashion Ladies Heeled Ankle Winter Boots(PIC) and dioxins.CK6150 Chinese Horizontal Cheap Flat Bed CNC Lathe Machine with Siemens system, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Rated Capacity 2 Ton Ce Standard Diesel Forklift. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Living Room Center Full-Long Dining Table. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[High-Speed Solvent Based Laminating Machine for OPP] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Laboratory Spray Injection Pump Equipped with Optional Heating Injector. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Bwm Blue Convex Mirror Glass R1200 R1400 R1800] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Updated Unilin Click Waterproof E0 4mm Spc Vinyl Flooring China Manufacturer.[SKF Double Row Angular Contact Ball Bearing 3204/3205/3206/a/Atn9/2z 2RS1/Tn9/Ztn9/Mt33/C3] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[20cm 24cm 28cm Chinese Custom and Personalized Non-Stick Round Frying Pan,10-120mm2 Cable Terminal Applicator for Crimping Machine Hydraulic Terminal Machine]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Luxury Crocdile Grain Leather Designer Bags Laptop Backpack.[Hot Sale Design Cationic Fabric for Backpacks Wtih PU Backing]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.New Type Versatile Electric Hand Pallet Jack. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[3D PVC Free Peel and Stick Non Woven Printable Wallpaper Material] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,3PCS Air Horn Kit with Compressor. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Customized Arrow Wooden Timber Acoustic Wall Panels with Cheep Price]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Cosmetic Black Paper Gift Packaging Box with Pink Silk for Scarf).Plastic Pet Preform Injection Molding Machine Price, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Waterproof Fireproof Spc Click Floor PVC Vinyl Floor Tile 4mm 5mm 6mmm(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes]

Conclusions

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References