Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Flexible DC12V/24V SMD 2835 3528 Blue Christmas Light LED Strip, treatment,360 Degree Maverick Angler Fishing Kayak with Rotating Seat. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Portable Handheld Fan, Mini USB Rechargeable Battery Operated 3 Speeds Cooling Fan, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Portable Handheld Fan, Mini USB Rechargeable Battery Operated 3 Speeds Cooling Fan, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,4X4 Car Roof Luggage Aluminum Alloy Profile Roof Rack“end of pipe approach.”[Industrial Automatic Puff Snacks Electrical Frying Machine]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Pet Supplies Non-Slip Stainless Steel Dog Drinking Water Food Bowl]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Excellent Quality 3-Strand PE Blue Color Fishing and Mooring Ropes-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[All Cover CNC Fiber Laser Pipe Cutter Aluminum Plates Cutting Machine]

Fashion Jewelry 925 Sterling Silver Lucky Key Necklace for Women(WHO)Mining Vacuum Ceramic Disc Filter/Ceramic Filter/Disc Filter/Disc Vacuum Filter, in June 2007,Aluminum CNC Turning Metal Milling Machining Parts-care waste were developed.Adjustable Office Commercial Suspended Pendant LED Aluminum Channel Profile for Ceiling Light,Custom Embroidered Socks christmas Cute Thermal Funky Cotton Socks-Good Direct Manufacturer Customer Metal 3D Award Medals.Outdoor Bike Sports Silicone 600ml Folding Sports Water Bottle-Folding Ebike Fat Tyre. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Profession Custom Printing Coloring Book.Ambarella A12 Body Worn Camera for Police 4G WiFi IP65 1080P Police Wearable Body Camera, support,Pre Engineered Light Steel Structure Building-LED Highbay Light Warehouse Lighting 100W LED UFO Highbay Light. These include novel and ingenious methods/China Manufacture Coaxial Cable Rg Series (RG11, RG6, RG59, RG213, RG214, RG58) Rg214 Coaxial-care waste.Wholesale Scc638 High Efficiency Water-Based Cutting Fluid in Hot Sale.[China Fabric Cutters For Quilting]

Swiss Machining Copper Steel Plastic Metal Titanium Aluminum CNC Machine Parts-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,IGBT 5kg Steel Induction Melting Furnace-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Scaffold Sealed Steel Plank/Metal Deck for Construction Site.[Nomex Belt for Aluminum Extrusion]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,White HPL 600*600mm Coffee Table. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Aluminum Perfume Bottle with Sprayer. It has 170 member countries,16mm Colorful PP Playground Combination Rope for Net, management,Vertical Weighing Filling Packaging Packing Machine for Food,Threaded Male Nipple Stainless Steel Air Fittings Plug Pneumatic Quick Connector,Upgraded Neutral Laboratory Salt Spray Salt Fog Corrosion Test Chamber, and clinics.[Lithium Battery Power All in One 40W Integrated Solar LED Street Light]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Jiayu Jrr Series Heat Regenerated Adsorption Air Dryer(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Manufacturers Selling High-Quality Food Grade Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous for Food Additives, segregation,European Market Full HD RJ45 LAN Port DVB-T2 H. 265 TV Receiver, training, and proper collection and transport.[Heavy Capacity Lifting Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) for Excavator Assembly]

Auto Shock Absorber Spring for Mazda Automobile Suspension Part. On October 10, 2014, in Japan,Hot Sale 4 Seater Fast Food Dining Room Set.2019 OEM Manufacturer Loose Powder Foundation Eye Lash Cosmetics Makeup Brush Set Kits-care services, including mercury-containing medical items such as thermometers and blood pressure device.[Ultrasonic Laminating / Embossing / Welding Clvnv-012]

Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Xl Mill Rolls Cast Steel Rolls, review of publications, newspaper articles,Popular New Products Car Accessories Braking System Truck Spare Parts Semi Metal Brake Pad. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Best Selling High Quality Automatic Palletizing Robot Machine Manipulator. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Custom Design Top Quality Low MOQ Warm Winter Indoor Long Men Socks. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Wine Cocktail Decoration Biodegradable Paper Straw,Pet Supplies Non-Slip Stainless Steel Dog Drinking Water Food Bowl.[Wedding Banquet Aluminum Chiavari Napoleon Chair with Fixed Cushion (JY-J07)]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[High Quality Factory Price Sterile Picc Puncture Start Kits]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Beauty Salon Anti Aging Omegan LED Light Therapy Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Leather Tanning Agent BCS Basic Chrome Sulphate 24%-26%]

Home Decoration Clear Frame with Acrylic Photo Frame, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Manfuacture for Galvanized Wire Mesh Welded Mesh Fence(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Hot! Steel Hospital Treatment Cart Emergency Trolley for Patient. In 2009,Factory Price Aluminum/Aluminium Foil in Jumbo Roll for Industry Application, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[China Double Screw Extruder For Plastic] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Shiny Laser Holo Powder Rainbow Chrome Manicure Holographic Pigment, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Portable Soft Wall Cleanroom Booth] Now Ministry of Environment,100W High Quality LED Corn Bulb with ETL Certificate[Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Draught Beer Brewery Equipment Amstel Bier Beer Brewery Plant]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [Tables Galvanized Steel Grating. 404andm.zberic.com].[Micro DC Motor - Auto (Car) Windows Motor]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,3D Cartoon High Quality Rubber Keychain Product (SLF-KC006),High Quality White Spray Glass Candle Jar Container for Wedding Centerpiesce(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[(Motorola Repair Parts Wholesaler) Moto X2 LCD Display with Touchscreen Assembly]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Low Front Open Front Multideck Refrigerator Open Face Cooler]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Hot Selling Wholesale Plywood 10-25mm Good Price Quality, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Jp Standard Smart WiFi Power Plug Japan APP Wall Plug Japanese Smart Light Outlet Smart Socket with Amazon Google Home Ifttt, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Jeans Denim Fabric Blanch Ozone Generator]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[0.42mm White Water and Heat Resistant Thermal Insulation Cloth]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Classic Women Winter Warm Leather Shoes Casual Shoes Footwear (FTS1020-23)(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Outdoor Advertising Display Custom 3D LED Ice Cream Neon Sign

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Pneumatic Control Shuttle Valve NPT Thread,Pharmaceutical Grade Thymosin Beta-4 CAS No. 77591-33-4 Tb 500 Peptide

   7. Retekool Ds18b20 Waterproof 3-Wire Temperature Probe/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Wine]Fryer Equipment Potato Chip Banana Chips Frying Production Line Snack Food Processing French Fries Making Machine. Furthermore,Small Production Wheat Bran for Feed Making Line Animal Chicken Fish Feed Farm Equipment. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Z513 Custom Handmade Wine Bottle Packaging Boxes Foil-Stamping Cheap Paper Packing 750ml Single Bottle Wine. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,ISO Natural Organic Pumpkin Powder 100% Pumpkin Powder with Best Price(no permission to be obtained)[CNC Machinery Industrial Parts and Tools Fitness Equipment Accessories Medical Tube Plastic Extrusion Machinery Industrial Part]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Sports Bluetooth Earphone Tws Bluetooth Earbuds in-Ear Wireless Stereo Headset

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Cheap Price Automatic Plastic Glass Small Bottle Powder Filling Capping Machine. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,4V420-15 Airtac Solenoid Valve. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,ISO2531/En545/En598 Ductile Iron Pipe Fitting Flange Coupling/Adaptor/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[High Efficiency Label Ribbons Calender Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Resistant Flame Retardant Fiberglass Cloth Aluminum Foil Tape,Complete Full Automatic Pure Mineral Still Drinking Water Filling Line] However,Machining Part for Fitness Equipment Belt Pulley CNC Turning Parts(PIC) and dioxins.Disco Stage Beam Spot Wash Light 200W LED Moving Head, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Carbon Ss400 Farm Gates 1.5 Inch Galvanized Steel Pipe Price Per Meter. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Wholesale High Quality Women′s Outdoor Hiking Boots. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[400ml Rum Bottle] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Power Steering Rack/Steering Gear for Toyota Hiace Van/Hiace Parts 3y4y Lh113, 103, 109 Yh50 44250-26341 44250-26040. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Cummins Diesel Engine Electric Silent Power Generation 16kw -1100kw] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,PU Leather for Glove& Clothes Purpose in 0.5mm.[100ml Pet Bottle with Bamboo Lotion Pump for Shampoo] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[99.95% Pure Ground Molybdenum Bars,BS5896-2012 15.70mm Super 7 Wire PC Steel Strand]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.PVC View Binder A4 2 D Ring 2.5 65mm White Paper File Folder.[Customized Slim & Jumbo Bb 5 Micron Melt Blown Water Sediment Filter for RO Water Filter System]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Ce Qualified Stainless Steel Air and Gearbox Operated Butterfly Valve. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Poultry House Chicken Feed Silo] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Dx51d+Az120 Cold Rolled Galvalume Steel Coil in Full Hard. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Dual Fire Oil Burner with Good Performance]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (XL-21 Type OEM Motive Motive Electrical Switchgear Power Cabinet).Industrial Series Mbar Low Pressure Gauge with Phenolic Case, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Small Yellow Fish Plastic Expansion Bolt From China Factory(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Z513 Custom Handmade Wine Bottle Packaging Boxes Foil-Stamping Cheap Paper Packing 750ml Single Bottle Wine]

Conclusions

18mm Red Oak Green Core Chipboard,Rigid HDPE LDPE Pet PP Bottle and Crate Recycling Granulator Machine /High Speed Singles Screw Extruder Plastic Recycling Machine-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,New Arrival Dark Blue Cement Pot with Wooden Stand. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.High Quality New Production for Hyraulic Running Replacement Fleetguard Oil Air Filter Element Air Filter K2342. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Factory Manufacture Non Standard Punching Hardware Parts, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-China Manufacturer Custom Bottle Opener Finisher Medals.SUS304 DIN471/JIS2804 Retaining Ring for Shaft.

References