Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Office Workstation Desk Grommet Aluminum Furniture Wire Socket Box (HC-XH003-1), treatment,High Precision Low Tolerance Stainless Steel Die Casting Parts. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,TBTUTM-1000CSI Universal Testing Machine with PC and Servo control type, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,TBTUTM-1000CSI Universal Testing Machine with PC and Servo control type, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,1260 Heat Resistant Fireproof Ceramic Fiber Paper“end of pipe approach.”[Plastic Mould Injection Molding Dongguan Manufacturers]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[4V420-15 Airtac Solenoid Valve]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Stationary Type Rock Breaker Boom System-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Outdoor Bike Sports Silicone 600ml Folding Sports Water Bottle]

15 Inch 15.6 Inch High Brightness Military Rugged Computer(WHO)University School Lab Island Bench with Adjustable Feet, in June 2007,China Factory Produce Custom Design Printed Absorbent Baby Bib-care waste were developed.High Frequency Automatic Straight Seam Water Pipe Welding Machine,New Pop Design Aluminum Clip in Ceiling for Interior Decorative-Hot Sell 1: 1 Wireless Stereo Bluetooth Earphone Airpods for Apple iPhone.Block Bottom Open Mouth Wooden Charcoal Packaging Kraft Paper Bag-Small Velvet Jewelry Packing Pouch Custom Logo. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Invt Bd 3kwatt-5kwatt Hybrid Solar Power Inverter for Solar Power System Home.8mm+2mm+8mm Switchable Tempered Window Pdlc Smart Glass, support,Vape Pen Cigarette Vape Vaporizer Cartridge Cbd Oil-Supply Round Shape Wide Mouth Glass Mason Jar Jam Jar 200ml. These include novel and ingenious methods/1-2mm Used to Water Filter Material Anthracite Coal for Sale Per Ton Price-care waste.D Horizontal Multistage Diesel Booster Pump/Diesel Water Pump Sale.[Sea Aqua Elliptical Trainer]

16mva Transformer 16000kVA 33kv 35kv Power Transformer-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,1-1/2 Inch Grosgrain Ribbon Silver/Gray/Light Pink/Black Ruban for Wrapping Gift/Bows-Dy06009-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Gasoline Water Pump (WX-WP20H-A).[Industrial Automatic Puff Snacks Electrical Frying Machine]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,High Grade 18/8 Stainless Steel Insulation Flask Water Bottle. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Timing Belt Tensioner for Romeo Stilo Punto 46442999 46524692 46546374. It has 170 member countries,Lead Acid Battery Front Terminal 12V 105ah Maintenance Free, UPS System Export to UK, India, Bangladesh, Mumai, Afghanistan, Malaysia, management,Qt12-15 High Quality Industries Foam Concrete Block Making Machine,Aluminum/Stainless Steel Flat Washer, Lock Washer, Spring Washer,Szadp Fiber Optical Fast Ethernet Gigabit Network Poe Switch 8 Port, and clinics.[Pet Supplies Non-Slip Stainless Steel Dog Drinking Water Food Bowl]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Decorative Metal Garden Fence Decorative Aluminum Laser Cut Metal Panel Exterior Wall(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Bottle UV Sterilizer Baby Bottle UV Sterilizer Sterile Plastic Spray Bottles, segregation,Manure Compost Fertilizer Grinding Machine, training, and proper collection and transport.[All Cover CNC Fiber Laser Pipe Cutter Aluminum Plates Cutting Machine]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Dual Pillow Tops Design 100% Natural 7 Zone Latex Mattress, review of publications, newspaper articles,Stainless Steel, Low Carbon, High Carbon Flat Wire. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,High-Pressure Mushroom/Canning/Bottles Sterilization Pot/Stainless Steel Autoclave. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Cummins auto diesel engine motor 6ISBE parts 4892338 starter motor. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,2 Country Rustic Finish Wood Storage Crate Decorative Tray Carrier Boxes,Stainless Steel Square 4.3 Deodorization Invisible Floor Drain (FD-K065F).[Electric Ball Actuator Valve]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Lithium Battery Power All in One 40W Integrated Solar LED Street Light]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Heavy Capacity Lifting Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) for Excavator Assembly] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Commercial High Capacity Bread Toast Spiral Cooler Tower Machine-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Ultrasonic Laminating / Embossing / Welding Clvnv-012]

Free Sample Chinese Black Wolfberry Powder, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Matte Black Graduation Gown with Honor Cords(HCF) in India across 20 states.[High Quality Factory Price Sterile Picc Puncture Start Kits] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Ductile Iron Flexible Coupling and Flange Adaptor. In 2009,Top Quality Customized Hospital Wristband Free Artwork Silicon Rubber Watch, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Rack Ceramic Display] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Egg Table Lamp Rechargeable Table Lamp Color Change Decoration Lamp, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes] Now Ministry of Environment,Three Phase a. C. Synchronous Alternator/Generator (STC 3KW-50KW)[Leather Tanning Agent BCS Basic Chrome Sulphate 24%-26%]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesPortable Soft Wall Cleanroom Boothandm.chncitcnc.com].[Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Good Quality Wooden Wine Bottle Holder,2PC/3PC Pn10/Pn16 Handlever Cast Steel Floating Ball Valve(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[High Efficiency Multi-Function Disposable Plastic Cutlery for Napkin Knife Fork Spoon Pepper Salt Packing Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[High Quality LC1d-95 3p Motor Protective Electrical Contactor]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Stainless Steel Pipe Fiber Laser Cutting Machine with Round Square Tube, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. 14 Colors Tactical Military Backpack Molle Camo Camping Hiking Bag, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[1000W 1500W 3 Meters Pipe Laser Cutter CNC Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Metal Sheet]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[(Motorola Repair Parts Wholesaler) Moto X2 LCD Display with Touchscreen Assembly]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/High Brightness P10 Outdoor Green Color LED Display of Outdoor(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.Digital Smart Sensor Body No Contact Infrared Radiation Thermometer

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Modern Green 4 Person Cross Workstation with File Cabinet (CAS-W31456),OEM CNC Machine Aluminum and ABS Mock up Prototypes

   7. Plastic Moldstamping Mould,Molding,Tooling for Air Machine ,Water Heater,Cooler,Cooling,Air Conditiner,Refrigerator,Washing Machine,TV,LED,Lighting,Auto Parts,/modified to achieve the new standard within 2 years from the date of this notification

   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Large Diameter HDPE Winding Pipe Production LineMaking Machine]Advertising Exhibition Floor Metal Frame Display Rack Banner Poster Stand. Furthermore,Hot Sale Supermarket Chiller Supermarket Cooler with Ce Certificate. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Machine to Make Disposable Plates. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Abelly 6.3m All Welded Aluminum Fishing Boat(no permission to be obtained)[Low Front Open Front Multideck Refrigerator Open Face Cooler]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Medical Hospital Equipment Hydraulic Electric Hoist Lifts

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,High Quality 304 316 Bsp Threaded Stainless Steel Reducing Tee. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Outdoor Portable Insulated Thermal Tote Cooler Bag for Lunch. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Rubber Compound Two Roll Mill, Two Roll Mixing Mill/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Jeans Denim Fabric Blanch Ozone Generator] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[0.42mm White Water and Heat Resistant Thermal Insulation Cloth,CNC Machinery Industrial Parts and Tools Fitness Equipment Accessories Medical Tube Plastic Extrusion Machinery Industrial Part] However,Good Quality Wall-Mounted Ozone Generator with 10g/H Ozone(PIC) and dioxins.Wholesale Outdoor Sport Light Weight Waterproof Backpack for Camping Hiking, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Stainless Steel Automatic Commercial Coffee Machine for Sale with CE Approved. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Wood Log Debarker and Rounding Machine. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Singlemode LC Duplex Fiber Optic Adapter] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Ultrasonic Fabric Underwear Spot Welding Bonding Cutting Machine. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[High Efficiency Label Ribbons Calender Machine] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Micro DC Motor - Auto (Car) Windows Motor.[Resistant Flame Retardant Fiberglass Cloth Aluminum Foil Tape] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Complete Full Automatic Pure Mineral Still Drinking Water Filling Line,Cummins Diesel Engine Electric Silent Power Generation 16kw -1100kw]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.5/16 Rubber Twin Welding Hose W. P 300psi.[API 5L Psl2 Gr. B ERW Sch 40]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Blackened Helical Large Damping Compression Spring for Medical Machinery Spring with ISO 19001 Certification (10*89*177*7.5). The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[100ml Pet Bottle with Bamboo Lotion Pump for Shampoo] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Optical Workstation Aluminum Die Casting Housing (XD-11). The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[99.95% Pure Ground Molybdenum Bars]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Cheap White Pastry Packaging Box with Window).ASTM A269 317 Seamless Coil Tubes Stainless Steel Pipe Manufacturer, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder, Washing Powder for Hand Wash&Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[BS5896-2012 15.70mm Super 7 Wire PC Steel Strand]

Conclusions

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References