Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)LED RGB Wash Wall Lighting, treatment,14 Inch Silent Core Low Noise Segmented Granite Cutting Diamond Saw Blade. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Ce Certificated Acm-60 PTFE Powder Grinding Mill, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Ce Certificated Acm-60 PTFE Powder Grinding Mill, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Check Weigher Using After Packaging Machine“end of pipe approach.”[High Quality Stn Type Monochrome COB Type Touch Screen for Gas Flowmeter]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[Anti-Theft Ss Wire Rope Mesh Bag Hand Woven Stainless Steel Bags]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/Pet Bottle Drinking Pure Mineral Water Washing Filling Sealing Machine Water Plant Purifier-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[48kw/60kVA Soundproof Power Moveable Diesel Generator Set]

FRP Cooling Tower Blower Fan Manufacturers(WHO)Teflon Hose, PTFE Hose, High Temperature Resistant Hose, in June 2007,16W Corn Bulb 4u IC Driver Corn LED Light Bulbs-care waste were developed.Head Dimension Integral Drill Rod,China Textile Factory Produces Dye Sublimation Beach Flag Fabric-Aluminium Profile Roller Shutters OEM/Rolling Screen Aluminium.Semi-Automatic Headlight Tester/Headlamp Tester/Automobile Headlight Detector-Hard Rock Drilling Company Drill Bit Taper Angle Hard Rock Tool Catalog 7 Degree Taper. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-Shot Gun Hot Stick with 1.4m 10kv Fiberglass Operating Rod.Production Line Make Pre Cooked Corn Meal Maize Powder Flour Making Machine, support,Mens High Quality Casual Outwear Windproof Jacket-Plated Gold Metal Blank Lapel Pins. These include novel and ingenious methods/Hot Air 25kg Pet Plastic Hopper Dryer for Injection Molding Machine-care waste.Blm Mould and Mould Part Production Team Will Utilize Their Experience in The Packaging Industry to Meet Your Mould Build Needs Mould Part.[Carbide Tool]

Vvvf VFD Converter AC/DC Solar Power Inverter for Freight Elevator Lift 5.5kw-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Tungsten Metal Powder Cast Tungsten Carbide Powder in Various Size-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Semi Auto 5 Gallon PC Bottle Blow Molding Machine.[Factory Directly Pasta Maker with More Mould Shapes]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,0.42mm White Water and Heat Resistant Thermal Insulation Cloth. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

Galvanized Aluminum Wire Mesh Window Screen. It has 170 member countries,Gear Box Carbon Steel U Type Flange Butterfly Valve High Performance, management,Dimmable White Silver Shell Shouing Ceiling Lamp 15W LED Downlight,Home Radiator Heating Electric Fireplace with Mantel Packages (319B),Moisturizing Lipglpss Make Your Own Clear Lip Gloss Custom, and clinics.[2-288 Core Armoured G652D Aerial Single Mode Fiber Optic Cable]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Heavy Capacity Lifting Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) for Excavator Assembly(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Food Powder Pouch Printing and Packaging Production Line, segregation,120W Outdoor Highway IP66 Aluminum LED Street Light Luminaire, training, and proper collection and transport.[Calcium Chloride 74%]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Rubber Soles Vulcanizing Machine/ Press Machine, review of publications, newspaper articles,99.95% China Pure Molybdenum Rod. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Leather Tanning Agent BCS Basic Chrome Sulphate 24%-26%. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Dn25 Approved Stainless Steel 304 Pneumatic Piston Angle Seat Valve. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Rg59 with 2core Power Coaxial Cable,LCD Display Bzc-220V-150A PWM Solar Charge Cntroller.[Keg Filler Manufacturers Cheap Price]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Kitchen Cookware Dinner Cooking Large Size Stainless Steel Soup Pot]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Stop Valve/Gate Valve for PPR Fittigns] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Kids Education Games Plastic Funny Square Whack-a-Mole Toy-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[PP Reinforced Safety Protection Netting for Construction Building]

Custom 100% Cotton Face Cleaning Refreshing Wet Towel, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Diagnostic Medical Clinical Alpk2 Palm Aneroid Digital Bp Blood Pressure Sphygmomanometer(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Biodegradable PLA Film for Food /Fruit Packaging] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%60m3 Bulk Silo Trailer Wheat Transport for Sale. In 2009,Stainless Steel Screw DIN912 Hexagon Socket Head Cap Screws Customised, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[Mini Axial Fan 150X150X50 mm] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Plastic Flange Housing Ucf310-115 for Electric Hand Tools, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Hypoallergenic 100% Polyester Microfiber Duvet] Now Ministry of Environment,12 Pin Car Mirror ISO Wiring Harness Manufacturer[Direct From Factory Easy Assembly Steel Structure Chicken Farm Building]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Professional Colored Nylon Hook and Loop Magic Tape]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesNew Type Versatile Electric Hand Pallet JackandPower Trowel Finishing Construction Machine].[Bytcnc High Efficiency Aluminum Profile Bending Machine Auto]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Potassium Humate Powder, Humic Acid Powder,Poultry House Chicken Feed Silo(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Animal Manure Compost Organic Fertilizer Granular Machine with Ce]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[10 Inches 250W Tweeter Bass Indoor Show Karaoke Speaker (RS-10)]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.HD 1080P 4 Channel Car Mobile DVR with GPS, 3G/4G, WiFi, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Secondary Stainless Steel Coil and Sheet, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Stainless Steel Sanitary SMS Pipe Fittings Union (JN-UN2002)]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[UHP 400 Graphite Electrode for Steel Mill a Right Price]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Free Sample Promotion Holographic E-Liquid Paper Box Package(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.White Flake Calcium Chloride Dihydrate for Oil

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,10 Mode Remote Control Single Egg Vibrators 100% Waterproof Speed Jump Egg Love Ball Clitoris Stimulator Sex Toys for Women,2017 Solar Garden Stake Light (RS-124)

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Template Tool Aluminum Alloy Multi Angle Measuring Ruler]Clear Ampoules Made of Low Borosilicate Class and Glass Tubing. Furthermore,LED Outdoor 5m, 6m, 7m, 8m, 9m 10m Lighting Pole and 30W, 40W, 50W, 60W, 70W, 80W, 90W, 100W, 120W, 150W LED Solar Street Lamp. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Electrical Hot Air Blower Brushless Motor Battery Operated Air Blower Fan. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,Pet PE BOPP PVC CPP Film Slitting Machine(no permission to be obtained)[ haul off]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Yellow Selvage White Multifilament Fishing Tackle Nylon Fishing Net

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Dental Pfm Crown From China Dental Laboratory. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Polycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE Flakes Crude Powder for Concrete. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,2~3 Cm Natural Long Lasting Decorative Flower Roses for Christmas Gifts & Crafts/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Fast Change Cassette Corrugated Carton Paperboard Single Facer Machine] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[Small Sheet Metal Fiber Laser Cutting Machine for Ss (750W),High Quality Shape Woven Patch for Clothing/Dress/Cap/Shoe] However,Cummins Diesel Engine Electric Silent Power Generation 16kw -1100kw(PIC) and dioxins.High Quality Prepayment Energy Meter 12 Volt DC Latching Relays 24V DC Magnetic Contactor Relays, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.High Quality Electronic Circuit Boards PCBA / PCB Assembly. Dioxins are an unintentional by-2018 New Wireless Bt Speaker with UHF Microphone Home KTV. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Sharp Corner Steel Rectangular Tube Used for Glass Curtain Wall] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,Drum / Roll Permanent Magnetic Particle Separator Equipment for Mining. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Serrated Beaing Bar Grating] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Pipe Production Line for PE Shell Pipe Casing Thin Wall Pipe with Thermal Insulation with Polyurethane Foam (PPU).[Custom 100% Cotton Face Cleaning Refreshing Wet Towel] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Export Standard Hook Type Shot Blast Cleaning Equipment/Shot Blaster/Shot Blasting Machine Used in Forging and Steel Industry,Opgw Cable Mentel Joint Box 24 Fibers]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.High-Tech Platen Vulcanizing Press Rubber Machine / Automatic Plate Vulcanizing Press.[Kids Mechanical Bull]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Breathable PU Coated Ripstop Taffeta 190t Polyester Fabric with Printed. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[Good Price Fiberglass Roofing Material Goethe Types Architecture Shingle for Luxury Villa] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,2.2um Al/Zn Metallized Film for Capacitor Use. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Agricultual Hand Sprayer/Garden Hand Sprayer /Home Hand Sprayer (TF-01F)]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Preseasoned Cast Iron Mini Serving Cocotte Casserole).Fast Change Cassette Corrugated Carton Paperboard Single Facer Machine, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Antique Stainless Steel Arc Backrest Party Banquet Garden Dining Chair(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[320HP Shantui Bulldozer SD32D Desert Type Bulldozer Part Komatsu]

Conclusions

Mini Metal Cheap CNC Plasma Cutting Machine,China 94V0 Electronic Printed Circuit Board PCB Assembly PCBA Board Supplier-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Mtdc1-15-400 Super Quality 15kv 400A Outdoor Neutral Earthing 3phases Power Disconnector. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Long Sleeve Sleeve Unisex Gender 100% Merino Wool Baby Clothes. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,Artificial Plant Phalaenopsis Lovely Flowers Orchid Real Electroplating Succulent Pot Lovely Round Decorative Ceramic Glass Box Pot, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-China Manufacturer Promotional Custom Made Stainless Steel Air Shaft.Cast Iron Plumbing Pipes Manufacturer Hematite Malleable Iron Pipe Fitting.

References