Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Terracotta ASA Coated PVC Roofing Tile for Villa, treatment,1602 16 Characters 2 Line LCD Module with Cog Yellow Green LED, White Backlight. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Permanent Magnet for Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS motor), recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Permanent Magnet for Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS motor), reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen“end of pipe approach.”[Plastic Food Storage Container Box Sets]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[4 Wire Diesel Glow Plug Wiring Harness Fits VW Golf Jetta Beetle 1.9L Tdi Diesel Tdi]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/High Quality 4 Beams Wired Photoelectric Active Infrared Perimeter Dual Beam Motion Detector-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[4X4 Car Roof Luggage Aluminum Alloy Profile Roof Rack]

Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology(WHO)Qt8-15 Hydraulic Cylinder Brick Making Machine Curbstone Block Machine, in June 2007,ASTM API 5L Seamless Steel Pipe Price-care waste were developed.Imported Raw Silk 8 Braided Multi Color Fishing PE Line,Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve-Discharge Valve Price Custom Good Sealing Casting Electric Rotary Air Lock Valves.Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly-M16-M30 Metric Steel Hex Head Bolts Class10.9 High Strength Bolts. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-High Quality Polyester Retro Reflective Fabric for Clothing.H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H3072), support,Wash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker Printing-Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale. These include novel and ingenious methods/Popular Needle Free Jet Injection Hyaluronic Acid Pen for Skin Whitening-care waste.3D Modern Brick Interior Wallpapers 3D Paper Wall Decoration.[Industrial Anti-Slip PU White Leather Cleanroom Safety Shoes Sc-8817]

Custom Injection Molding Product ABS Plastic Injection-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce.[XCMG 5ton Wheel Loader Lw500kn Spare Parts]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,Plastic PPR Water& Electric Conduit Pipe Tube (extruder, haul off, cutting winding, belling) Extrusion Extruding Making Production Line Machine. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

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Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies, segregation,Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle, training, and proper collection and transport.[R22/R25/R28/T38/T45/T51/St58/Gt60 Extension Drifter Speed Mf mm Threaded Drill Steel Rod]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Electric Heavy Duty Rail Guided Vehicle for Transportation, review of publications, newspaper articles,LED Solar Street Light 15W 20W 30W. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Lab Multi-Function High Speed Mixer. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.Kga Series Rubber Decorative Slip-Proof and Nail-Hidden Alu Flooring Profiles. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Wholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle Jar,Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines.[Auto Transmission Repair Kit For Chana Alsvin]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Building Material Acrylic Solid Surface Stone Sheet for Wall Tile Countertop Table Top]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Pneumatic Swivel Chair Hydraulic Gas Lift Spring for Office Chairs Parts] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,M-02 Round Shape Green Plastic Sprayed Garden Spade-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Redel Pag Male Plug Connector for Medical Finger Oximeter Equipment]

Measuring Wheel Foldable Meter Measuring Wheel HD03, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,120m PE Braided Fishing Line Carp Fishing Equipment 14lb(HCF) in India across 20 states.[OEM SS304 Stainless Steel Sw Reducing Tee for Food Machinery] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%China Supplier Hard Ware Fittings Gas Spring for Tool Box. In 2009,Prefabricated Labor Accommodation House and Office, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[AISI 201/202/301/304 Stainless Steel Welded Square Pipe] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Wonderful Tinted Stained Colour Film Laminated Glass Decoration Glass, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[High Quality PVC Vinyl Flooring] Now Ministry of Environment,99% High Purity Alumina Ceramic Ball[LED Lawn Lamps Outdoor Lighting IP65 Waterproof LED Garden Wall Yard Path Pond Flood Spot Light]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Stress Control Heat Shrinkable Tubing (RSCT)]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesTUV Standard 2.5mm2 4mm2 6mm2 PV1-F DC Solar PV CableandDiy 1000w Fiber Laser Cutting Machine].[Quality Plastic Injection Mould Plastic Tooling Maker]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Automatic Manual Free Switching PVD Coating Machine for Glass Metal,Melamine Particle Board for Outdoor Usage/White Melamine Faced Veneer Chipboard(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[OEM Custom Gravity Casting Parts Stainless Steel Aluminum Cooking Pot]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Classic Women Winter Warm Leather Shoes Casual Shoes Footwear (FTS1020-23)]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[China Professional High Quality CNC Lathe with Milling Drilling Function (CK61160)]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Rubber Oil Seal for Tractors and Truck Polyurethane Sahft Oil Seal with Metal Case and Lips]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/Elastic Woven Casual Women Shoes Breathable Lady Shoes(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.1325 3 Heads Wood Kitchen Cabinet Door CNC Router

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,Stone Carving Sculpture Marble Garden Fountain with Planter Pot Fore Home Decoration,100% Natural High Quality Freeze-Dried Blueberry Powder with Good Taste

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[Beer Brewing System Suppliers for Sale]Teflon Paper for Heat Press. Furthermore,Mining Machinery Sandvik Symons Nordberg Mantle Cone Crusher Parts. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,China Supplier European Standard 10 Ton Electric Wire Rope Hoist. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,12V Volt DC 6 Quart Hydraulic Pump Power Unit Pack, 3200 Psi Fit for Lift up/Down(no permission to be obtained)[Motorcycle Front/Rear Turn Signals Lm-321 E4 CCC Certification]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,Geometric Tall/Large Plants Glass Terrarium Planter Pot Box for Christmas Decorative

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Dry Cutting Segmented Concrete and Granite Diamond Cutting Saw Blade. The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Dn-6 Fully Automatic and Computer Controlled Single-Needle Quilting Machine. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input 55inch electronic whiteboard white board/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Mens High Quality Casual Outwear Windproof Jacket] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[High Quality Softcover School Graduation Book Printing,Custom Jewellery 925 Sterling Silver Jewelry Diamond Stud Earrings] However,Vacuum Brazed Diamond Saw Blade for Metal Diamond Tool(PIC) and dioxins.CNC Machinery Industrial Parts and Tools Fitness Equipment Accessories Medical Tube Plastic Extrusion Machinery Industrial Part, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.Hot Fashion Colored Crystal Glass Ornaments Bulk Glass Tealight Candle Holder Centerpiece. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Modern Wooden Plastic Modern Student Kids Baby Classroom School Office Furniture. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[22oz Stainless Steel Coffee Mugs] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,1000VDC 30A T Branch Mc4 Solar DC Connector for PV Photovoltaic System (4 TO 1). In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Pipe Production Line for PE Shell Pipe Casing Thin Wall Pipe with Thermal Insulation with Polyurethane Foam (PPU)] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Hypoallergenic 100% Polyester Microfiber Duvet.[China Hot Sale CNC Router 4 Axis CNC Milling Machine] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[Artificial Plant Phalaenopsis Lovely Flowers Orchid Real Electroplating Succulent Pot Lovely Round Decorative Ceramic Glass Box Pot,Good Quality Wall-Mounted Ozone Generator with 10g/H Ozone]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.China Flat Knitting Machine Manufacturer.[Water Electric Actuator]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Industrial Filter Bag for Dust Collector. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[ASTM A269 317 Seamless Coil Tubes Stainless Steel Pipe Manufacturer] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,Rigid Malleable Iron Clamp Back Spacers. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Luxury Gold King Chiavari Wedding Chair for Wedding Party]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Transparent Clear Acrylic OPP Carton Packing Tape).Back-Sealing Automatic Packaging Machine- Stainless Steel, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Avocado Oil Extraction Coffee Grinder Machine and Cashew Nut Butter Making Machine(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[Dual Head Medical Aluminum Stethoscope for Child]

Conclusions

Folding Ebike Fat Tyre,Profession Custom Printing Coloring Book-care workers and HCFs, continuous monitoring of BMW practices,Ambarella A12 Body Worn Camera for Police 4G WiFi IP65 1080P Police Wearable Body Camera. It is our fundamental right to live in clean and safe environment.Pre Engineered Light Steel Structure Building. The current BMWM 2016 rules are an improvement over earlier rules in terms of improved segregation, transportation, and disposal methods,LED Highbay Light Warehouse Lighting 100W LED UFO Highbay Light, patients, and public. Moreover, more use of non-PVC medical devices and development of newer novel, eco-China Manufacture Coaxial Cable Rg Series (RG11, RG6, RG59, RG213, RG214, RG58) Rg214 Coaxial.Wholesale Scc638 High Efficiency Water-Based Cutting Fluid in Hot Sale.

References