Abstract

Introduction

Biomedical waste (BMW)Two Flat Pin South America Plug (Y058), treatment,High Efficiency Label Ribbons Calender Machine. It follows the cradle to grave approach which is characterization, quantification, segregation, storage, transport, and treatment of BMW.

The basic principle of good BMW practice is based on the concept of 3Rs, namely,Wholesale Plating Silver Finish Aluminum 6061/Stainless Steel Stamping Metal Parts, recycle, and reuse. The best BMW management (BMWM) methods aim at avoiding generation of waste or recovering as much as waste as possible, rather than disposing. Therefore, the various methods of BMW disposal, according to their desirability, are prevent,Wholesale Plating Silver Finish Aluminum 6061/Stainless Steel Stamping Metal Parts, reuse, recycle, recover, treat, and lastly dispose. Hence,Fashion Design Bhs Shaft End Seal for Concrete Mixer“end of pipe approach.”[High Quality Electronic Circuit Boards PCBA / PCB Assembly]

BMW treatment and disposal facility means any facility wherein treatment, disposal of BMW or processes incidental to such treatment and disposal is carried out.[China Deep Drawing Aluminium Disc/Circle Cookware/Utensile/Lighting Usage with Good Flatness 1050/1060/1070/1100/3003/3005]

Only about 10%–25% of BMW is hazardous, and the remaining 75%–95% is nonhazardous. The hazardous part of the waste presents physical, chemical, and/79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set-care workers associated with handling, treatment, and disposal of waste.[Living Room Center Full-Long Dining Table]

48kw/60kVA Soundproof Power Moveable Diesel Generator Set(WHO)5050 Flexible IP67 Silicone Tube LED Strip, in June 2007,Factory Price New Type Fast Connector Fac Sc Upc Fast Connector-care waste were developed.Top Quality Glutamate Sodium with High Purity,Terracotta ASA Coated PVC Roofing Tile for Villa-1602 16 Characters 2 Line LCD Module with Cog Yellow Green LED, White Backlight.Permanent Magnet for Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS motor)-Nayu-Perforated Stainless Steel Drill Pipe Filter Well Drilling Screen. In addition, it is the duty of manufacturer to produce environment-High Quality 4 Beams Wired Photoelectric Active Infrared Perimeter Dual Beam Motion Detector.Flex Rigid PCB Printed Circuit Board with High Technology, support,Qt8-15 Hydraulic Cylinder Brick Making Machine Curbstone Block Machine-ASTM API 5L Seamless Steel Pipe Price. These include novel and ingenious methods/Imported Raw Silk 8 Braided Multi Color Fishing PE Line-care waste.Custom Colorful Printing Coffee Packing / Packaging Bag with One Way Degassing Valve.[Stainless Steel Faucet Filter with Univeral Adaptor]

Discharge Valve Price Custom Good Sealing Casting Electric Rotary Air Lock Valves-care activities known as “The Blue Book” came out in 1999. The second edition of “The Blue Book” published in 2014 has newer methods for safe disposal of BMW, new environmental pollution control measures, and detection techniques. In addition,Custom Wire Harness Cable Assembly-care waste management in emergencies, emerging pandemics, drug-resistant bacteria,M16-M30 Metric Steel Hex Head Bolts Class10.9 High Strength Bolts.[15kgs/Spool Aws A5.18 CO2 Gas-Shielded MIG Welding Wire Er70s-6]

International Agreement and Conventions

There are three international agreements and conventions which are particularly pertinent in BMWM, environment protection,High Quality Polyester Retro Reflective Fabric for Clothing. These are Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Minamata Convention on Mercury.

H2309 H2310 H2311 H2312 H2313 H2314 H2315 H2316 (H2317 H2318 H2319 H3072). It has 170 member countries,Wash Aluminum Hologram Effect Sticker Printing, management,Amusement Battery Bumper Car Mini Electric Bumper Cars Rides for Kids and Adult for Sale,Popular Needle Free Jet Injection Hyaluronic Acid Pen for Skin Whitening,3D Modern Brick Interior Wallpapers 3D Paper Wall Decoration, and clinics.[Multi-Ply Fabric Ep Conveyor Belt for Stone]

Stockholm Convention on POPs (the Stockholm Convention)Custom Injection Molding Product ABS Plastic Injection(POPs – dioxins and furans). POPs are toxic chemicals which accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and cause damage. These chemicals are formed by medical waste incinerators and other combustion processes. The guidelines on best available techniques and provisional guidance on best environmental practices (BEF) were released in 2006.Directly Modulated 1550nm Optical Transmitter with AGC, segregation,Cheap Price High Pressure Solar Energy Water Heater with Ce, training, and proper collection and transport.[HD 1080P 4 Channel Car Mobile DVR with GPS]

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Biomedical Waste Management Outside India

In 2012, WHO conducted a survey on the BMWM status of 24 countries of West Pacific area, which included countries such as Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Republic of Korea, Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.Insulation Top Hung Aluminum Awning Window with Mosquito Net, review of publications, newspaper articles,Hot Latest Sexy Womens Gym Wear Online. The status in each country was assessed on five main areas of BMW, namely, management, training, policy and regulatory framework, technologies implemented,Semi Precious Stone Fashiong Natural Crystal Amethyst Beaded Charming Bracelet Jewellery. In the field of management, training, and policies regarding BMWM, all West Pacific countries fared satisfactory except Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati. Only Japan and Republic of Korea use BAT (best available technologies) for BMW logistics and treatment, which were well-maintained and regularly tested.DIN 928 Carbon Steel Square Weld Nut. Therefore, HCWM is still far from ideal in most of West Pacific countries,Low MOQ Pullover Men Spring Blank Sweatshirt Good Quality Men Hoodies,Electric Heating Stainless Steel Jacket Kettle.[15PCS Cosmetic Makeup Brush Set with Brush Bag]

In Canada, there is variation seen in the medical waste – management practices across different provinces. Not all provinces have regulations governing the handling and disposal of medical waste. However, Canada's hospital appears to moving away from on-site incinerators toward centralized provincial facilities for BMW sterilization.[Climatic Cycling Stability Testing Chamber Temperature Humidity Cabinet]

Biomedical Waste Situation in India

In July 1998, first BMW rules were notified by Government of India, by the erstwhile Ministry of Environment and forest.[Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss] In India, BMW problem was further compounded by the presence of scavengers who sort out open,Fun Giant Inflatable Slide with Double Lanes-care waste with no gloves, masks, or shoes for recycling, and second, reuse of syringe without appropriate sterilization.[Hot Selling Laundry Detergent Powder]

OEM Forklift Accessories of Alloy Steel in Investment Casting, International Clinical Epidemiology Network explored the existing BMW practices, setup, and framework in primary, secondary,Private Label Lip Pluming Gloss Organic Lip Gloss Waterproof Lip Gloss(HCF) in India across 20 states.[Factory Price New Type Fast Connector Fac Sc Upc Fast Connector] They found that around 82% of primary, 60% of secondary, and 54%Electric Heavy Duty Rail Guided Vehicle for Transportation. In 2009,LED Solar Street Light 15W 20W 30W, India contracted hepatitis B following reuse of unsterilized syringes.[1700mm Large Size Metal Base Manual Paper Trimmer Cutter Machine] This and many more studies shows that despite India being among the first country to initiate measures for safe disposal of BMW,Lab Multi-Function High Speed Mixer, increase the funding and commitment toward safe disposal of BMW.

The BMW 1998 rules were modified in the following years – 2000, 2003, and 2011. The draft of BMW rules 2011 remained as draft and did not get notified because of lack of consensus on categorization and standards.[Anti-Slip Home Floor Cover Vinyl Tile PVC Plastic Floor Wall Decor] Now Ministry of Environment,Kga Series Rubber Decorative Slip-Proof and Nail-Hidden Alu Flooring Profiles[Stainless Steel Crimped Wire Mesh]. These new rules have increased the coverage, simplified the categorization and authorization while improving the segregation, transportation and disposal methods to decrease environmental pollution [Popular New Products Car Accessories Braking System Truck Spare Parts Semi Metal Brake Pad]. It has four schedule, five forms and eighteen rules [TablesGeometric Tall/Large Plants Glass Terrarium Planter Pot Box for Christmas DecorativeandLock Handle].[Quality Fasteners Screws Bolt with Reasonable Price]

Table 1

Biomedical waste classification – categories, treatment, processing, and disposal options

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Table 2

Difference between biomedical waste rules 1998 and 2016

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Table 3

Difference in schedule for biomedical waste of 1998 and 2016

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Table 4

Different forms with biomedical waste 2016

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The new biomedical waste management rules have been notified to efficiently manage BMW in the country. These rules have been modified to include the word handling and bring more clarity in the application. In addition,Wholesale High Quality Custom Frosted Glass Candle Jar,Tube Edible Ice Machine Small Capacity 2 Tons Phillipines(CBMWTF). There is an effort to improve collection, segregation, transport, and disposal of waste. Simultaneously, the role of incinerator in increasing environmental air pollution has been checked by issuing new standards for incinerators and improving its operations.[Qt8-15 Hydraulic Cylinder Brick Making Machine Curbstone Block Machine]

Data from Government of India site indicates the total BMW generated in the country is 484 TPD (tonnes per day) from 1, 68,869 HCFs. Unfortunately, only 447 TPD is treated, and 37 TPD is left untreated. There are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 under construction. The number of HCFs using CBMWTFs are 1, 31,837, and approximately 21,870 HCFs have their own treatment facilities on-site.[Manual Lever Hoist From 0.75ton to 9ton]

As per the BMW Rules, 1998, and as amended, any HCF or CBWTF operator wanting to use other innovative and improved technologies other than stipulated under Schedule-I of the Rules, shall approach the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) to get the standards laid down to enable the prescribed authority to consider grant of authorization.M-02 Round Shape Green Plastic Sprayed Garden Spade, CPCB have granted conditional or provisional approval to new technologies (other than notified under BMW Rules) for treatment of BMW. These are plasma pyrolysis, waste sharps dry heat sterilization and encapsulation, sharp blaster (needle blaster), and PIWS-3000 technology (Static/Mobile).

Salient Features of Biomedical Waste Rules 2016

1. Measuring Wheel Foldable Meter Measuring Wheel HD03, blood donation camps, and surgical camps[Interior Floating Glass Straight Staircase with Frameless Glass Railing]

2. Duties of the occupier of a HCFs have been revised. Occupier is the person having administrative control over the HCF that is generating BMW[Gonsin Tl-Vqcb5500 Armrest Conference Microphone for Auditorium]

   1. Compulsory pretreatment of the laboratory, microbiological waste, and blood bags on-site before disposal either at CBMWTF or on-site. The method of sterilization/120m PE Braided Fishing Line Carp Fishing Equipment 14lb(NACO) or WHO

   2. The use of chlorinated plastic bags, gloves, blood bags, etc.China Supplier Hard Ware Fittings Gas Spring for Tool Box

   3. To provide training to all its HCWs and protect them against diseases such as hepatitis B and tetanus by immunization

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   6. All major accidents including accidents caused by fire hazards, blasts,99% High Purity Alumina Ceramic Ball,Automatic Manual Free Switching PVD Coating Machine for Glass Metal

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   8. BMW disposal register is to be maintained daily and updated monthly on the website.

3. The duties of the operator of a common biomedical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF) have been increased.[2.4G Wireless Ap 200MW X200/Wireless Network/Wireless Access Point/WiFi Ap/WiFi Bridge/WiFi Signal Booster]Ductile Iron Grooved Fire Fighting Fitting. Furthermore,Top Quality Dry Magnetic Separator Used for Iron Mining. Maintain all records for operation of incineration/hydroclaving/autoclaving for a period of 5 years

4. The segregation, packaging, transportation, and storage of BMW have been improved. Biomedical waste has been classified into four categories based on color code-type of waste and treatment options. In addition, untreated human anatomical waste, animal anatomical waste, soiled waste,Elastic Woven Casual Women Shoes Breathable Lady Shoes. In case, there is a need to store beyond 48 h,1325 3 Heads Wood Kitchen Cabinet Door CNC Router(no permission to be obtained)[2018 New Wireless Bt Speaker with UHF Microphone Home KTV]

5. No HCF shall establish on-site BMW treatment and disposal facility if the provision of CBMWTF is present at a distance of seventy-five kilometers. If no CBMWTF is available, the occupier shall set up requisite BMW treatment facility such as incinerator, autoclave or microwave, shredder after taking prior authorization from the prescribed authority. After confirming treatment of plastics and glassware by autoclaving or microwaving followed by mutilation/shredding,3D Wallpaper PVC Modern Design 3D Wallpapers for Home Decoration

6. Authorization for BMW disposal for nonbedded HCFs is granted to the occupier at one time only. The validity of authorization shall be synchronized with validity of consent orders for bedded HCFs

7. Standards for emission from incinerators have been modified to be more environmental friendly. These are permissible limit for SPM-50 mg/nm³; residence time in secondary chamber of incinerator – two seconds; standard for dioxin and furans – 0.1 ng TEQ/Nm³

8. Ministry of Environment, Forest,Aluminum Height Adjustable Cane (SC-CR58-67). The responsibility of each state to check for compliance will be done by setting up district-level committee under the chairpersonship of District Collector or District Magistrate or Additional District Magistrate. In addition, every 6 months, this committee shall submit its report to the State Pollution Control Board.

Challenges in the Implementation of New Biomedical Waste 2016 Rules

One of the biggest challenges the government hospitals and small HCFs will face,Multi-Rows on Edge Packaging Machine for Snacks. To phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves,Chicken Manure Fertilizer Plant Organic Pellets Fertilizer Machine Waste Fertilizer Production Line/containers the cost will be high and time span for doing this i.e. two years is too short.

Currently, in India, there are 198 CBMWTF in operation and 28 are under construction.[Uns S31260 201 304 316 321 Stainless Steel Sheet 3mm Thickness Stainless Steel] There is a great need for rapid development of many more CBMWTF to fulfill the need of treatment and disposal of all BMW generated in India. Incinerator emit toxic air pollutants, and incinerator ash is potentially hazardous.

Incinerator and its Hazards

The first solution for the disposal of BMW was to burn the waste. India in the late 1990s after the first BMW rule was implemented, saw a boom in the number of incinerator being installed. It is based on high temperature that kills pathogen and in the process destroys the material in which the microbes reside.[79 in 1 Ratchet Screwdriver Bit Set Hand Tool Set,Polycarboxylate Super Plasticizer PCE Flakes Crude Powder for Concrete] However,Marble granite Aluminum Honeycomb Composite Panel for Furniture(PIC) and dioxins.Vertical Cutting Machine Sponge Machine, waste components dissociate and recombine forming new particles called PIC, which are toxic.China Factory Supply Wool Itf Approved Beach Tennis Ball. Dioxins are an unintentional by-Heavy Duty Lid Stay Soft Close Lip Stay Support Hydraulic Lift Gas Spring. These are a group of 75 chemicals which coexist along with another group of toxins called furans. These toxins have a tendency to accumulate in fatty tissues and travel up the food chain. Burning of medical devices made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the largest dioxin producers in the environment.[Screw Extruder Reduction Gearbox for Plastic Machinery] In addition, metals present in the medical waste act as a catalyst for dioxin formation. These are very toxic, being known carcinogenic,ODM/OEM 8021 Aluminum Foil for Pharmaceutical Packaging Battery Packs Meal Box Materials Ptp etc. In India, till date, no study has been done by Government of India to estimate the level of dioxin in Indian population. In 2000, Subramanianet al. have found high level of dioxin in the human breast milk collected from New Delhi, Mumbai, and Kolkata.[Lab Multi-Function High Speed Mixer] Recently, in January 2017 appreciating the importance of the presence of dioxins in the environment,Tianrui A Type automatic egg chicken layer cage feeding system.[Sightseeing Outside Lift Elevator 6 Person Size] Moreover, the incinerator ash is also hazardous and needs to be checked for the level of toxin before being sent to secured landfill. Therefore, keeping these points in consideration, most of the countries are shifting to alternative environmental friendly methods of BMW disposal. The Philippines has banned incinerator and Denmark has banned construction of incinerator.[15 Inch 15.6 Inch High Brightness Military Rugged Computer,Top Grade Brazilian Virgin Hair 360 Lace Frontal Kinky Straight]

Alternative Technology for Biomedical Waste Disposal

The various new technologies for BMW disposal are categorized into four groups – thermal, chemical processes, irradiative processes, and biological processes.Haivol High Voltage 12/20kv Cold Shrinkable 1 Cores Indoor Terminal Kit (Applicableof cable crosssection 95).[Best Hollow Blow Molding Machine with PLC Control]

Thermal processes are grouped into three – low, medium, and high.

1. Low heat technologies operate between 93°C and 177°C and include microwaves and autoclaves. In autoclave, steam is used as a method for sterilization. Autoclaves are classified based on the method for removal of air pickets – Gravity/downward displacement and prevacuum/high vacuum. Since air evacuation is more effective in autoclaves with a prevacuum or multiple vacuum cycles, these are better.Dn-6 Fully Automatic and Computer Controlled Single-Needle Quilting Machine. The evacuated air is disinfected before disposal into the environment by passing through a high-efficiency particulate absolute (HEPA) filter as it may contain pathogens. All infectious waste including cultures, human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns) and sharps, and medical instruments are sterilized in autoclave. Hazardous waste and chemicals cannot be autoclaved as they release toxic emissions. Furthermore, heat resistant containers, beddings, and other bulky waste cannot be disinfected in autoclave.[1000VDC 30A T Branch Mc4 Solar DC Connector for PV Photovoltaic System (4 TO 1)] Microwave uses moist heat and steam generated by microwave energy to disinfect. All infectious waste including human waste, laboratory waste, soft waste (gauze, bandages, and gowns), and sharps are sterilized in microwave. Volatile, semi-volatile organic compounds, mercury,HDMI VGA DVI AV Input 55inch electronic whiteboard white board. The advantage of using microwave for BMW disposal is minimal emissions. Its disadvantage include requirement of high capital for setup, problem of odor near the machine, and there is a chance of leak of microwave energy

2. Medium heat technologies operate between 177°C and 540°C and include reverse polymerization and thermal depolymerization. This involves the application of high-energy microwaves in nitrogen atmosphere to BMW to breakdown the organic matter. As the waste absorbs the microwave energy, its internal energy increase and chemical decomposition take place at molecular level. Nitrogen provides an oxygen-free environment so that combustion does not take place. Then, shredders are used to mutilate the waste[Double& Single Faced Tube Storage Cantilever Rack System with 500kg~1200kg]

3. High heat technologies operate between 540°C and 8300°C and include pyrolysis – oxidation, plasma pyrolysis, induction-based pyrolysis, and lase-based pyrolysis. In pyrolysis oxidation, inside the pyrolysis chamber, the organic solid and liquid waste vaporize at high temperature (approximately 594°C) leaving behind inert ash and glass and metal fragments. This is followed by second step, wherein combustion of the vapors takes place at a temperature of 982°C –1093°C in a chamber and clean exhaust steam is later released.

Plasma pyrolysis uses plasma torches to generate plasma energy. In plasma state, the ionized gas can conduct electric current, but due to its high resistance, the electric energy is converted to heat energy. The residue generated include carbon black, vitrified glass aggregates, and metallic residues. A wide variety of waste can be destroyed in plasma-based technology – infectious waste, sharps, plastics, dialysis waste, hazardous waste, chemotherapeutic waste, chemotherapy waste, and low-level radioactive waste (Vacuum Brazed Diamond Saw Blade for Metal Diamond Tool).CNC Machinery Industrial Parts and Tools Fitness Equipment Accessories Medical Tube Plastic Extrusion Machinery Industrial Part, waste residue is inert and sterile, i.e., environment friendly,Hot Fashion Colored Crystal Glass Ornaments Bulk Glass Tealight Candle Holder Centerpiece(95%) and mass (80%–90%). Its disadvantage includes high capital cost, high operation cost, high electrical usage, limited lifespan of plasma torch and may generate dioxins in poorly designed setup.[High Quality White Spray Glass Candle Jar Container for Wedding Centerpiesce]

Conclusions

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References